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cfs ch. 10
study guide
36
Other
Not Applicable
03/31/2008

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Term
what is the psychological conflict of the preschool years and how is it exhibited?
Definition
initiative verses guilt: young children have a new sense of purposefulness. they are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activities with peers, and discover what they can do with the help of adults.  they also make strides in conscience development
Term
erikson regarded play as the central means through wich children find out about themselves and their social world.  explain why this is the case?
Definition
play permits preschoolers to try new skills with little risk of criticism and failure.  it also creates a small social organization of children who must cooperate to chieve common goals
Term
according to erikson, what leads to a negative resolution of this stage?
Definition
for erickson, the negative outcome of early childhood is an overly strict superego, one that causes children to feel too much guilt because they have been threatened, criticized, and punished excessively by adults
Term
define: self-concept, self-esteem
Definition
1. the set of attributes, abilites, attitudes, and values than an individual believes who he or she is 2. the judgements we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments
Term
describe the quality of preschoolers' self-descriptions
Definition
preschoolers' self-concepts as very concrete.  they usually mention observable characterisitcs, such as their name, physical appearance, possessions, and everyday behaviors
Term

true or false: when making self-evaluations, preschoolers tend to rate their own ability as extremely low and often overestimate task difficulty

Definition
false
Term
explain the link between preschoolers' self-development and their possessiveness of objects
Definition
preschoolers' concepts of themselves are so bound up with speciic possessions and actions that they spend much time asserting their rights to objects.  the stronger the children's self-definition, the more possessive they tend to be, claiming objects as "mine"
Term

what can dults do to promote children's self-esteem?

Definition
being in coversations about the past that inpart evaluative information about the child seve as a rich source of early self-knowledge. adults can avoid beratement by adjusting their expectations to children's capapcities, scaffolding children's attempts as difficult tasks and accentuating the positive in children's work or behavior, pointing out effort and increasing skill
Term
summarize how each of the following factors affects the development of emotional self-regulation during the preschool years: language, temperament, and conversations with adults
Definition
Term
distinguish between empathy and sympathy; discuss the impact of parenting on children's development of empathy and sympathy
Definition

empathy- important motivator of prosocial, or altruistic, behavior- actions that benefit another person with any expected reward for the self

sympathy- feelings of concern or sorrow for another's plight

Term
describe parten's three-step sequence of social development
Definition

functional play- simple, repetitive motor movements withor without objects.

constructive play- creating or constructiond something. especially common behaviors b/w 3-6 yrs.

make-believe- acting out everyday and imaginary roles. especially common between 2-6 yrs.

Term
summarize children's understanding of friendship in early childhood
Definition
as preschoolers interact, first friendships form that serve as important contexts for emotional and social development. they know a friend is someone "who likes you" and with whom you spend a lot a time playing. however their ideas are not mature. it s defined by pleasurable play and sharing of toys. friends are also more emotionally expressive toward one another
Term
explain the importance of peer conflicts during early childhood
Definition
over time, preschoolers conflicts shift from materical concerns to mental and social issues.  conflict promotes development. social conflicts offer children invaluable learning opportunities for social problem solving
Term
summarize improvements in social problem solving during the preschool years
Definition

social problem solving- the generation and aplication of strategies that prevent or resolve disagreements, resulting in outcomes that are both acceptable to others and beneficial to the self.

preocessing deficits were identified and intervention can be tailored to meet children's individual needs.

Term
how do parents influence their children's social relationships?
Definition

direct parental influences- children depend of parents to help them establish rewarding peer associations. parents who frequently arrange informal peer play activities tend to have preschoolers who have larger peer networks are more socially skilled.

indirect parental influences- secure attachmetns to parents are linked to mroe responsive, harmonious peer interactions. parent-child play seems particulary effective for promoting peer interactions skills

Term
state 2 points on which most theories of moral development are in agreement
Definition

all theories of moral development recognize that conscience begins to take shape in early childhood. also, children's morality is externally ocntrolled by adults. gradually it becomes regulated by inner standards

Term
list characteristics of models that affect children's willingness to imitate them
Definition
warmth and responsiveness, omcpetence and pwoer, consistency between behavior
Term
list 3 undesirable effects of harsh punishment
Definition

1/ when paretns spank, they often do so in repsonse to children's aggression.

2. when children who are frequently punished soon learn to avoid the punishing adult.

3. b/c punishment wokrs temporarily, it offers immediate relief to adults and they are reinforced for using coersive disciplline.

Term
describe 2 alternatives to harsh punishment
Definition

1. tie out- involves removing children from the immediate setting until they are ready to act appropriately

2. withdrawl of privileges- such as playing outside or watching tv may generate some resentment i children, but allows parents to avoid harsh techniques that could turn into violence

Term
explain positive discipline and how it reduces the need for punishment
Definition
builds mutally respecful bonds with the child, lets them know ahead of time how to act, and praises mature behavior. when preschoolers have cooperative relationships with parents, they show firmer conscience development-behaving responsibly, playing fairly in games, and considering others' welfare. parent-child closeness leads children to want to meet parental demands out of a sense of commitment to the relationship
Term
define instrumental aggression, hostile aggression, overt aggression, and relational aggression
Definition

instrumental aggression- inwhich children want an object, privilege, or space and in trying to get it, they push, shout at, or otherwise attach a person who is in the way.

hostile aggression- is meant to hurt another person. 

overt aggression- harms others through physical injury or the threat of such injury;

relational aggression- damage another's peer relationships- as in social exclusion and rumor spreading

Term
discuss developmental and sex differences in aggression throughout the preschool years
Definition

preschool- girls express agression through relational aggression. Boys often attack physically, girls resort to relationsal agression b/c it interferes with the close, intimate bonds improtant to girls.

on average, boys are more overtly aggressive than girls- due to biology.

Term
explain how a hostile family atmosphere promotes and sustains high rates of childhood aggression
Definition

parental conflict leds to high levels of family stress and "spillover" of hostillity into child rearing. These cycles generate anxiety and irritabilty in other fmaily memebrs who join the interactions. children who are products of this soon veiw the world from a violent perspective.

Term
explain why young children are especially likely to be influenced by television. list several strategies parents can use to regulate children's TV viewing and computer use
Definition

before the age 8, they fail to understand a great deal of what htey see on TV. 2-3 year olds do not discriminate televised images from real objects, they say that a bowl of popcorn on teleision would spill if the tv were turned upside down.  young children also find it hard to separate true-to-life from fantasized television content. not until age 7  do they fully grasp unreality of TV fiction.

Regulation: limit tv and computer use. refrain from usig tv or computer time to reward/punish children; encourage hcild-appropriate tv and ocmputer experiences; view tv with children, helping them understand what they see; link televised ontent to everyday learnig experiences; model good tv and computer practices; use a war rational approach to child rearing

Term
preschoolers' gender stereotypes are (flexible/ rigid). elaborate on your response
Definition
rigid
Term
describe ways in which parents encourage gender-stereotyped beliefs and behavior in their children.  discuss gender typing in the classroom setting, noting its impact on social behaviors
Definition

girls- persuasion and politeness

boys- use power and force

 

Term
discuss the different styles of social influence promoted within gender-segregated peer groups
Definition

children form beliefs about peer's play preferences, which contribute further to sex segregation. At preschool-age boys and girls seperate, one groups is positive over another. gender tying is seen in children's everyday enviornments.

sex-favoritism results in two distinct subculturesl of shared knowledge , beliefs, interests, adn behaviors.

Term
cite several ways that parents can reduce gender stereotyping in young children
Definition
modeling nonsterotyped behaviors and pointing out exceptions to sterotyes in their neighborhood and community.
Term
describe the 4 styles of child rearing and summarize outcomes associated with each of the styles of parenting
Definition

authoritative child rearing (best)- high acceptance and involvemnt.

permissive child rearing-warm and accepting. overindulging or inattentive.

Authoritatian child rearing-  low in acceptance and involvment. high in coercive control,a nd low autonomy granting.

uninvolved child rearing- low acceptance and involvemnt w/ little control and general inderfference to autonomy granting.

Term
cite 4 reasons that authoritative parenting is especially effective
Definition

Authoritative child-rearing style- involves high acceptance and involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting.

Warm, involved parents who are secure in the standards they hold for their children provide models of caring concern as well as of confident, self-controlled behavior.

They exert control in ways that appear fair and reasonable to the child, generating far mor compliance and internalization

They make demands that fit children’s ability to take responsibility for their own behavior, thereby fostering high self esteem and cognitive and social maturity.

Supportive aspects of the style are powerful source of resilience, protecting children from the negative impact of family stress and poverty.

Term
list and describe 4 forms of child maltreatment. what is strongly associated with all forms of child abuse?
Definition

physical abuse- assaults, such as shaking kicking, biting, punching, or stabbing, that inflict physical injury.

 

sexual abuse- fondling, intercourse, exhibitionsm, commercial exploitation through prostitution, or other sexual exploitation

 

neglect- failure to provide for a child's basic needs,  in terms of food, clothing, mendical attention, educaiton, or  supervision.

 

emotional abuse- acts that could cause serious mental or behavioral disorders, including social isolation, repeated unreasonable demands, ridicule, humiliation, intimidation,or terrorizing.

Term
cite 2 reasons that most abusive parents are isolated from supportive ties to their communities
Definition

1. their own life histories, many of these parents have learned to mistrust and avoid others. they don't have the skills necessary for establishing and maintaining positive relationships

2. maltreating parents are more likely to live in unstable, run-down neighborhoods that provide few links between family and community, such as parks, child-care centers, preschool programs, recreation centers, and churchs.  they lack "lifelines" to others and have no one to turn to for help during stressful times

Term
the people who brought the iron age into mainland Greece were the
Definition
Dorians
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