Term
Where in the GI tract are most acids absorbed?
Where are most bases absorbed? |
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Definition
| Acids mostly absorbed in stomach, bases mostly absorbed in small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid dosage form containing active principle with or without suitable diluents which are prepared by compression or molding methods |
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Term
| List four different types of coated tablets |
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Definition
-Sugar
-Film
-Gelatin
-Enteric |
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Term
| What four types of tablet ingredients allow for processing and compressing characteristics? |
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Definition
-Diluent
-Binder
-Glident
-Lubricant |
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Term
| What is another name of a diluent? |
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Definition
Excipient
(But exceipients can mean a lot of other things, too) |
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Term
| What is the function of a diluent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a diluent |
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Definition
-Lactose
-Calcium phosphate
-Mycrocrystalline cellulose (Avicel)
-Sugars for chewable tablets |
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Term
| Can any diluent be used in a tablet? |
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Definition
No, compatibility is important
Ex. Calcium salts interfere with tetracycline absorption |
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Term
| What is the function of a binder? |
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Definition
To impart cohesive qualities to the powdered material and increase flow-ability
Insures the tablet remains intact after compression |
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Term
| If a binder is being used for wet granulation, what should be done with it first? |
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Definition
| The binder should be made into a paste or solution |
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Term
| If a binder is being used for dry granulation, what should be done with it first? |
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Definition
| It should be blended with remaining ingredients before compression |
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Term
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Definition
-Starch paste
-Gelatin
-Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC)
-Methyl cellulose
-Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) |
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Term
| What is the function of a tablet lubricant? |
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Definition
-Prevents adhesion of the powder to the surface of dyes and punches
-Improves flow rate of granulate |
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Term
| When should a tablet lubricant be added to a tablet? |
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Definition
| After granulation, to the granulated material |
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Term
| List two common tablet lubricants |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of a glidant? |
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Definition
| To improve flow characteristics of powder mixture |
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Term
| When should a glidant be added to a tablet? |
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Definition
| In dry state, just prior to compression |
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Term
| What is the function of a disintegrant? |
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Definition
| To facilitate break-up or disintegration |
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Term
| When in the manufacturing process should a disintegrant be added to a tablet formulation? |
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Definition
| Either before or before and after granulation |
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Term
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Definition
| A tablet ingredient that can act as a binder, diluent, and disintegrant |
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Term
| List some common disintegrants |
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Definition
-Starches (corn, potato)
-Celluloses
-Avicel |
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Term
| Do effervescent tablets contain disintegrants? |
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Definition
No, the effervescence will cause disintegration.
These tablets need to be kept in a dry atmosphere at all times |
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Term
| What are the three key benefits to using a coloring agent in a tablet? |
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Definition
-Give appearance
-Help control processes (ensures mixing)
-Serves as identification by user |
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Term
| What is the most common flavoring agent? |
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Definition
Aspartame
(cyclamates and saccharine are banned) |
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Term
| List the four methods to manufacture tablets |
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Definition
1. Wet granulation
2. Dry granulation
3. Direct compression
4. Tablet coating |
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Term
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Definition
| Organoleptic is an adjective used to refer to the aspects of food or other substances as experienced by the senses, including taste, sight, smell, and touch. |
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Term
| List the steps of wet granulation |
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Definition
1. Sieve ingredients
2. Mix active and diluent; prepare binder
3. Blend mixtures
4. Pass through a slurry sieve
5. Dry
6. Mill and sieve
7. Mix dry granules with lubricant/glidant
8. Compress tablets |
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Term
| What are two ways to dry a wet granulation? |
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Definition
Static bed (tray oven)
Fluidized bed |
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Term
| List the steps of dry granulation |
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Definition
1. Sieve all ingredients
2. Mix all ingredients
3. Pre-compress into sheets/slugs
4. Mill and sieve
5. Mix granules with lubricant/glidant
6. Compress tablets |
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Term
| What are the purposes of coating a tablet? |
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Definition
1. Cover the unpleasant taste, odor and color
2. Physical and chemical protection in medicine from environment (light, moisture, and air)
3. Control of drug release as in enteric coating or sustained release
4. Improve the appearance of tablets
5. Assist and facilitate the identification of drug
6. Easing the process of blistering |
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Term
| Describe sugar coated tablets |
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Definition
–To protect drug from air and humidity
–To provide a taste or smell barrier to objectionable tasting or smelling ‘actives’
–Usually used for children |
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Term
| Describe film coating tablets |
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Definition
–Most widely used coating
–To ‘beautify’ the tablets with a variety of colors (herbal extracts)
–To protect the tablet to remain stable and cover up a bad taste
-Usually involves spraying of the polymer/plasticizer solution |
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Term
| Describe Gelatin coated tablets |
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Definition
–Relatively new
–Facilitates swallowing
–The innovator product, the gelcap, is a capsule shaped compressed tablet coated with gelatin layer. |
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Term
| Describe Enteric coated tablets |
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Definition
-‘Actives’ for which best absorption is not in gastric but in intestines
-Should never be crushed or chewed |
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Term
| Describe compression coating |
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Definition
-Less popular
–Similar to multiple compressed tablets
–Used in recent years to create modified-release products
–Procedure involves the compaction of granular materials around a preformed tablet core using specially designed tableting equipment |
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Term
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Definition
A tablet manufactured with an imprinted line in the middle
To make it easier to break in half
(Note- coated tablets should never be split even if they are scored) |
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Term
| What is an advantage of a multiple compressed tablet? |
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Definition
It allows formulation of different drugs in the same tablet
Sustained/controlled release |
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Term
| What type of specialized tablets are Procardia X-L and Covera HS? |
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Definition
| Multiple compressed tablet |
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Term
| What can account for up to 50% of the weight of a chewable tablet? |
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Definition
| Mannitol (or another flavoring agent) |
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Term
| What are the main (non-active) ingredients in a sublingual tablet? |
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Definition
| Lactose or mannitol and saccharine mixed with 60% ethanol |
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Term
| Define effervescent tablet |
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Definition
Compressed tablet from effervescent granules
Bubbles come from sodium bicarbonate or salts of citric, malic, tartric acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Must be sturdier than other tablets (slow dissolving) |
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Term
| Give an example of some drugs administered in buccal tablets |
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Definition
Fentanyl
Glyceryl trinatriate
Testosterone
Myconazole |
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Term
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Definition
No longer really used in the US
Small tablets containing small amounts of potent drugs
Can be inserted into capsules |
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Term
| What is a hypodermic tablet used for? |
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Definition
| Extemporaneous parenteral preparation |
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Term
| Describe dispensing tablets |
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Definition
Aka "compounding tablets"
Large amounts of potent active |
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Term
Define capping or lamination
What causes this? |
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Definition
Layers of a capsule flaking off
-Insufficient binder
-Mixing problems
-Compression problems
-Overheating |
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Term
| Define tablet sticking and tablet picking |
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Definition
Sticking- granules adhere to tooling
Picking- granules adhere to letters, logos, or designs in punches |
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Term
| What causes tablet sticking/picking? |
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Definition
-Insufficient lubricant
-Improper binder
-Poor drying
-Choice of steel or polish
-Air entrapment
-Incorrect drying or coating |
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Term
| What can cause mottled color in powders? |
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Definition
-Suboptimal size, mixing, blending
-Improper preparation of coating |
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Term
| What sorts of things can cause tablet erosion or chipping? |
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Definition
-Soft or friable tablets
-Fast pan rotation
-Over-wetted tablet surface
-Poor plasticizer
-Inadequate drying |
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Term
Define tablet twining
What causes this? |
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Definition
Coated tablets sticking together
-Inadequate drying
-Inadequate pan rotation |
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Term
| What can cause tablet roughness? |
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Definition
-Improper placing of spray nozzle
-Improper atomization pressure |
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Term
Define tablet bridging
What controls this? |
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Definition
Poor design of tablet embossing (more an aesthetic problem)
-High viscosity coat
-High percentage of solids
-Improper atomization pressure |
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Term
| What five things should be tested in a tablet quality control check? |
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Definition
1. Weight variation
2. Thickness/hardness
3. Size
4. Friability
5. Disintegration |
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Term
| What is the formula for % loss during friability testing? |
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Definition
| % loss = (initial weight - final weight)/initial weight x 100 |
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Term
How are tablets packaged in bulk?
How are they packaged as single doses? |
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Definition
Bulk- plastic bottles
Single- blister packs |
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