Term
| Are powders often used as a dosage form? |
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Definition
| No. Powders are usually part of other dosage forms, such as tablets or suspensions |
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Term
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Definition
| The majority of a powder, used to dilute the drug, make it measurable, and provide desired qualities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| List three small-scale ways to reduce particle size |
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Definition
1. Mortar and pestle
2. Levigation (if semi-solid)
3. Ball milling |
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Term
| List three large-scale ways to reduce particle size |
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Definition
1. Hammer Mill
2. Fitzmill
3. Airjet mill (attrition) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixing powder into a little liquid to make a paste for easier addition with an ointment base |
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Term
| How does the ball milling process work? |
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Definition
| A large rotating cylinder filled with ceramic/steel balls and as much as 100g powder crush powder size as small as 50μm depending on milling time |
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Term
| How does a Hammer Mill work? |
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Definition
| Powder is fed into a mill with a hammer inside. Powder can be reduced as small as 50μm depending on feed rate, mill speed, and the size of the screen at the bottom for powder to fall out. |
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Term
| How does a Fitzmill work? |
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Definition
Similar to a hammer mill, but instead of a hammer there are blades.
The blades can make different particle shapes and sizes. |
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Term
| How does rotor speed in a mill affect particle size? |
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Definition
| Higher rotor speeds lead to smaller particles |
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Term
| How do Air Jet (attrition) Mills work? |
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Definition
It's a continuous process where opposing air jets (operating at 100psig) and a cyclone separator direct products to a filter and a collector.
A cyclone separator acts as the mesh once the size is small enough.
Particle size 1-5μm (very small!) |
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Term
| What four qualities affect what blending procedure you should use? |
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Definition
1. Amount of powder
2. Powder properties
3. Time of blending
4. Procedure of blending
(How much? What? How long? How?) |
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Term
| What are some limits of tumbling mixing? |
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Definition
1. Powder segregation
2. Sifting or percolation
3. Air entrapment (fluidization)
4. Particle entrapment (dusting) |
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Term
| What are the three types of blends? |
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Definition
1. Segregated
2. Perfect
3. Random |
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Term
| If a powder is mixed for a very, very long time, does this guarantee a perfect mixture blend? |
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Definition
| No, it could end up as a random blend. Some powders, if tumbled too long, start to segregate. |
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Term
| List three types of tumbling mixers |
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Definition
1. V-mixer
2. Double cone
3. Rotating cube
All have the same principle, the shape rotates around an axis |
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Term
| What is a ribbon blender? What are its advantages? |
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Definition
| It is like other shape tumblers, but have helical ribbons running through it that help prevent air pockets |
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Term
| List the groups of powders that are given in powder dosage form |
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Definition
1. Bulk powders (laxatives, antacids, douce, external)
2. Divided (individual doses in paper)
3. Powders for inhalation |
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Term
| What four types of paper can divided powders be put into? |
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Definition
1. Simple bond
2. Vegetable parchment
3. Glassine ("the best one")
4. Waxed |
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Term
| What is usually the blend ingredients and blend proportion for inhalation powders? |
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Definition
| <5μm active drug to >40μm of carrier (usually lactose) |
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Term
| What are some reasons why aggregation would be favorable for powder dosage forms? |
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Definition
1. More free flowing
2. Mixtures don't separate
3. Easier to dose by volume
4. Reduces "dust"
5. Improves compression characteristics
6. Improves appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of size enlargement where small particles are gathered together into larger permanent aggregates to render them into a free-flowing state |
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Term
| List the steps of wet granulation extrusion |
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Definition
1. Moisten powder
2. Extrude through a mesh
3. Dry |
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Term
| How does spray drying granulate powder? |
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Definition
| Based on the Venturi/Nernoulli principle, compressed gas is blown through the powder in solution to make droplets of powder |
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Term
| List the steps of dry dense sheet granulation |
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Definition
1. A roller compactor (chilsonator) presses powder into dense sheets
2. A mechanical granulator mills it to the correct size |
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Term
| List the steps of dry slugging granulation |
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Definition
1. Coarse tablets or slugs are laid flat
2. Slugs are granulated to desired particle size |
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Term
| List some examples of commercial granules |
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Definition
1. Antibiotics or oral suspension
2. Antacids
3. Electrolyte flavor packs |
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Term
| Define effervescent granulated salts |
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Definition
Coarser powders containing active ingredient in a dry mixture containing a "bubbling agent" such as sodium bicarbonate
Masks taste and dissolves faster |
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Term
| How are effervescent granulated salts manufactured? |
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Definition
| Either as a wet method (but using alcohol as the wetting agent) or a normal dry method to remove crystallizing water (results in spongy powders) |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed in either hard or soft, soluble container or shell of a suitable form of gelatin |
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Term
| What are some advantages of capsules? |
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Definition
-Easier to swallow than tablets
-Can be prepared "extemporaneously"
-Dosage form of choice in clinical trials (easy to double-blind) |
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Term
| What makes up the outer coating of capsules? |
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Definition
-Gelatin (hard or soft)
-Sometimes methylcellulose, calcium alginate, or DRcaps Gastro Resistant Capsules |
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Term
| How is gelatin manufactured? |
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Definition
1. Derived from skin or bone
2. Acid or alkali treatment
3. Filtered
4. Vacuum conentration
5. Cooled to solidify
6. Air dry
7. Mill to size |
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Term
| How is gelatin formed into hard capsule shapes? |
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Definition
Mechanical dipping of metal (bronze) pins and pegs of desired shapes into the gelatin solution, then the pegs are dried and trimmed
1. Initial shells dried
2. Bodies and caps fitted
3. Final caps and bodies
4. NB colorant for color and titanium oxide for opacity |
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Term
| In a hard gelatin capsule shell, what gives color? What gives opacity? |
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Definition
Dye- NB colorant
Opacity/shine- titanium oxide |
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Term
| List some excipients that can be added to capsules |
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Definition
1. Glidant (eg silicon dioxide)
2. Lubricant (eg magnesium stearate)
3. Bulking agent (eg lactose)
4. Surfactant (eg sodium dodecyl sulfate)
5. Diluent/Absorbent (Kaolin)
-Not all of these are necessary in every capsule |
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Term
| What is the role of an absorbent in a capsule? |
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Definition
| To absorb water, capsule shells aren't very good at preventing water |
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Term
| What three things can influence the needed capsule size? |
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Definition
1. Quantity of formulation required
2. Bulk density
3. Compressibility
-No strict rules apply, individual needs can be addressed |
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Term
| How does capsule number correspond to capsule size? |
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Definition
From largest to smallest:
000, 00, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
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Term
| What are the steps of a machine filling a capsule? |
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Definition
1. Put capsules in machine
2. Rectification (put them vertically)
3. Separate capsules
4. Fill capsules
5. Join capsules
6. Discharge |
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Term
| Describe four methods for a machine to fill capsules |
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Definition
1. Reservoir: pegs press powder into capsules
2. Auger: a drill pushes powder in for uniformity
3. Tamping: like reservoir, but multiple taps
4. Compression: ? |
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Term
| List four ways for capsules to be sealed |
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Definition
1. Spot welded with heated metal pin
2. Bonded with molten gelatin
3. Snap fit
4. Coni-snap |
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Term
| Are hard shell or soft shell capsules more common? |
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Definition
| About 80% of capsules are hard shell |
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Term
| What ingredients do soft gelatin capsules contain? |
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Definition
Shells of gelatin, glycerin, or sorbitol
(to induce plasticity) |
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Term
| List two methods to manufacture soft capsules |
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Definition
1. Die process: (Rotary/Reciprocating) presses medicine into a capsule
2. Plate molds |
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Term
| What is the range of quality control for weight of a capsule? |
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Definition
| Each capsule must be within 85-115% of goal |
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