Brodman's areas

(primary motor, premotor, frontal eye fields, somatosensory, auditory, primary visual)

primary motor - 4 

premotor - 6

frontal eye fields - 8

somatosensory - 3, 1, 2

auditory - 41 and 42

primary visual - 17, 18, and 19

- pulvinar and medial thalamic nuclei

- input: cortex (especially posterior parietal lobe)

- functions: discriminative learning and complex functioning

- centromedian nucleus

- input: reticular formation

- output: all of cortex, direct and indirect (via specific thalamic nuclei)

- VPL

inputs: spinal tract and medial leminiscus

output: postcentral gyrus

- VPM

inputs: trigeminal nucleus 

output: postcentral gyrus

specific thalamic nuclei associated with limbic system

VA, VL, MD

- VA

input: basal ganglia (sub. nigra and medial GP)

output: premotor region

- VL

input: hypothalamus and limbics

output: cingulate gyrus

- MD

input: amygdala, olfactory, and limbic

output: prefrontal cortex and anterior lateral hypothalamus

caused by tryptophan deficiency or alcohol

low 5-HT leads to agressive and impulsive behavior

inputs: amygdala (pyriform), ventral septum (diag. band), prefrontal cortex (ant. cingulate gyrus)

output: anterior lateral hypothalamus 

purpose: modulate hypothalamic function and mediate affective component of pain

surgical lesion performed to alleviate severe pain

1. upper visual field - meyer's loop - ventral aspect of calcacrine fissure

2. lower visual field - dorsal root - dorsal aspect of calcacrine fissure

V1 - V2 - MT - parietal lobe

spatial patway

V1 - V2 - V4 - temporal lobe

medial temporal - moving objects

inferior temporal - facial recognition

specific odors stimulate specific areas of olf bulb

olfactory bulb targets (piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala)

3 ways the olf bulb communicates with orbitofrontal cortex:

1. amygdala - hypothalamus - cortex

2. MD nuclei (thalamus) - cortex

3. cortex

frontal cortex - caudate

parietal cortex - both

temporal cortex - putamen

cortex to cerebellum:

cortex - deep pontine nuclei - cerebellum

cerebellum to cortex:

cerebellum (dentate nucleus) - thalamus (VL nucleus) - cortex

project to contralateral pontine gaze center either directly or indirectly via superior colliculus

NORMAL: conjugate deviation to contralateral side

lesion causes conjugate deviation of eyes to ipsilateral side

1. DELAYED RESPONSE: when stimulus is presented, the principal sulcus of prefrontal cortex is firing; allows learning of location of award

2. allows card sorting

3. inhibits rage aggression

***Depression, OCD, and hyperaggressisivity due to excess DA and low 5-HT in prefrontal cortex**********

1. activated during fixation of a visual target  (spatial vision)

2. right parietal lobe is active during tasks requiring attention 

3. reveives inputs from auditory, visual and somatosensory and integrates them and sends them to premotor area

*** sensory neglect only due to lesion of right parietal lobe**

left - speech and writing 

right - music and spatial abilities

asterognosia

tingling (paresthesia)

can't evaluate intensity of stimuli

apraxia

sensory neglect only if lesion on right brain

Gestman's syndrome (finger agnosia, can't read, can't write, can't tell left from right, can't do math)

Wernike's aphasia

- can't interpret patterns of sounds (or recognize speech, animal sounds, and mechanical sounds... ie bells and whistles)

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