Term
| Structure of a cell is closely related to the cell's what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Cells that have no membrane bound nucleus
- Have supercoiled circular chromosome found in the nucleoid
- Contain plasmids (small, supercoiled DNA molecules)
- Contain ribosomes for protein synthesis
- Many have photosynthetic membranes
- Have a cytoskeleton of long and thin protein filaments
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Term
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Definition
- Cells that have a membrane bound nucleus
- Can be unicellular or multicellular
- Contain many distinct membrane bound organelles
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Term
| How many domains are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three domains? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the three domains, which are prokaryotic? |
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Definition
| Domains Bacteria and Archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound "little organ" inside Eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement (in prokaryotes) |
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Term
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Definition
| An additional layer outside the cell wall that gives the cell a particular function |
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Term
| What are the six key processes of cells? |
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Definition
- Produce energy
- Regulate all things regarding proteins
- Take materials in and out of cell
- Transport inside the cell
- Signal other cells
- Replicate
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which cells absorb molecules from outside the cell |
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Term
| What are the three main types of endocytosis? |
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Definition
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis
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Term
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Definition
| A piece of the membrane that is now internalized with its cargo |
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Term
| What protein is Receptor-mediated Endocytosis dependent on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main structure of Clathrin? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the Clathrin molecules stick together? |
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Definition
| Some Hydrogen bonding can occur, but mostly due to interactions between R-groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule destined for fusion |
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Term
| How do cells move materials to different places within the cell? |
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Definition
| They use microtubules combined with special motor-proteins |
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Term
| Explain the basic structure and function of microtubules |
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Definition
- Serve as "rails" or "tracks" in Eukaryotes for motor proteins
- Deal with vesicle transport
- Are large, hollow tubes made up of tubulin dimers (α and β (quaternary structure))
- Have polarity
- Are dynamic
- Grow at + ends
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Term
| Where do microtubules originate from? |
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Definition
| They grow outward from the microtubule organizing center |
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Term
| What do microtubules require in order to work properly? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A motor protein that consists of a head which binds to the microtubule
[image] |
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Term
| How does Kinesin transport vesicles along the microtubule? |
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Definition
| The Kinesin head binds to the microtubule. ATP comes in and makes the Kinesin molecule "walk" down the microtubule |
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Term
| What do long distance signals do? |
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Definition
| Controls and coordinates all activities of cells, tissues, and organs in different parts of a multicellular organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Information carrying molecule that is secreted from a cell, cirulated through the body, and tells another cell what to do |
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Term
| What are the two main types of hormones? |
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Definition
- Lipid soluble - diffuse across the plasma membrane
- Lipid insoluble - cannot diffuse, so they bind to a receptor
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Term
| What are the four steps in cell signaling? |
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Definition
- Signal Reception
- Signal Processing
- Signal Response
- Signal Deactivation
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Term
| What do hornomes and other cell to cell signals bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are signal receptors and what are their properties? |
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Definition
- Proteins that change their shape or activity after binding
- Receptors are dynamic
- They can be blocked
- Are mostly located in the plasma membrane (lipid soluble on inside of cell)
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Term
| When hormones bind to the signal receptors, what happens to genes? |
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Definition
| It causes a change in which genes are activated in the cell (changes gene expression) |
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Term
| What is the signal transduction pathway? |
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Definition
| A complex series of events caused by cell-surface binding by lipid insoluble hormones |
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Term
| Where do signal transduction and amplification occur? |
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Definition
- Signal transduction occurs at the plasma membrane
- Amplification occurs inside the cell
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Term
| Which proteins are involved in signal transduction and what do they do? |
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Definition
| G-proteins trigger the production of an intracellular signal |
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Term
| What are G-proteins and what do they do? |
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Definition
- Intracellular peripheral membrane proteins
- They link the extracellular signal to the production of the intracellular signal
- G-proteins are activated when linked to GTP
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Term
| What are second messengers and what do they do? |
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Definition
- Small molecules that diffuse rapidly and amplify the hormone signal within the cell
- Activate protein kinases
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Term
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Definition
| Add a phosphate group to other proteins; phosphorylate |
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Term
| What are Enzyme-linked receptors? |
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Definition
| Transmembrane protein that can bind and also catalyze |
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Term
| What is the best known Enzyme-linked receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a singal work in RTK? |
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Definition
- Hormone binds to RTK
- RTK forms a dimer and is phosphorylated by ATP
- Bridge between RTK and Ras protein is formed
- Cascading phosphorylation (Ras triggered)
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Term
| What is HER2 and why is it important? |
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Definition
- HER2 stands for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2
- Is a receptor tyrosine kinase in humans that causes tumor formation
- Mostly found in certain types of breast cancer
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Term
| How are cell signals turned off? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does glucose oxidation produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| For each glucose molecule that is oxidized to 6 CO2, what does the cell reduce? |
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Definition
- 10 molecules of NAD+ to NADH
- 2 molecules of FAD to FADH2
- Produces 4 molecules of ATP
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