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Cellular Respiration Terms
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12
Biology
9th Grade
12/02/2010

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Term
kilocalorie (kcal)
Definition
is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram (kg) of water by 1oC
– This energy is used for body maintenance and for voluntary activities
Term
oxidation
Definition
loss of electrons
Term
reduction
Definition
gain of electrons
Term
dehydrogenase
Definition
The enzyme that removes hydrogen from an organic molecule
Term
NAD+
Definition
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
They form a staircase where the electrons pass from one to the next down the staircase and as electrons are transported down the chain, ATP is generated.
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
Glycolysis begins respiration by breaking glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of a three-carbon compound called pyruvate
This stage occurs in the cytoplasm
Term
The citric acid cycle
Definition
The citric acid cycle breaks down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and supplies the third stage with electrons
This stage occurs in the mitochondria
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
During this stage, electrons are shuttled through the electron transport chain
As a result, ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation associated with chemiosmosis
This stage occurs in the inner mitochondrion membrane
Term
chemiosmosis
Definition
The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP by a process.
– The concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP synthases and enzymes found in the membrane, and ATP is produced.
Term
lactic acid fermentation
Definition
NADH is oxidized to NAD+ when pyruvate is reduced to lactate
In a sense, pyruvate is serving as an “electron sink,” a place to dispose of the electrons generated by oxidation reactions in glycolysis
Term
alcohol fermentation
Definition
Yeasts are single-celled fungi that not only can use respiration for energy but can ferment under anaerobic conditions
They convert pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol while oxidizing NADH back to NAD+
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