Term
| Cellular Respiration Equation |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of Cellular Respiration |
|
Definition
| Breaks down glucose to make ATP |
|
|
Term
| How does energy in glucose compare to that in ATP? |
|
Definition
| ATP has 40% of the energy that's in glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1 glucose --> 2 PGAL --> 2 pyruvate
Glucose is slowly being stripped of its electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 ADP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP |
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy investment phase VS. Energy harvesting phase: |
|
Definition
Energy investment phase: glucose --> PGAL, putting in 2 ATP for activation energy to make 2 PGAL
Energy harvesting phase: PGAL --> pyruvate, substrate-level phosphorylation, produces 4 ATP (net 2) |
|
|
Term
| Why is glycolysis thought to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes? |
|
Definition
| Because it's the only process that doesn't occur in the mitochondria. Not all organisms have a mitochondria, so mostly every single organism does glycolysis (even bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Aerobic Respiration VS. Anaerobic Respiration: |
|
Definition
Aerobic: uses oxygen
Anaerobic: doesn't use oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Example of aerobic respiration |
|
Definition
Glycolysis, pre-krebs, krebs, electron transport chain
|
|
|
Term
| Example of anaerobic respiration: |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis and fermentation |
|
|
Term
| Where does lactic acid fermentation occur? |
|
Definition
| Occurs in animals and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Where does alcohol fermentation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Similarities of lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation: |
|
Definition
Regenerate NAD+ from NADH which goes back through glycolysis (NADH = oxidized)
|
|
|
Term
| Differences between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation: |
|
Definition
L.F. products: lactate
A.F. products: ethanol, CO2
|
|
|
Term
| What makes bread rise and beer bubbly? |
|
Definition
| CO2 released in alcohol fermentation |
|
|
Term
| Function of NAD+/NADH FAD+/FADH2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of NAD+/NADH FAD+/FADH2 is oxidized/reduced, more energy? |
|
Definition
NAD+ = empty, oxidized
NADH = full, reduced
FAD+ = empty, oxidized
FADH2 = full, reduced
REDUCED has more ENERGY |
|
|
Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation and Oxidative Phosphorylation: |
|
Definition
2 ways that ATP are made. Substrate level = glycolysis + krebs. Oxidative = electron transport chain. Both involve adding phosphate group onto ADP --> ATP.
Ox. Phos: a lot more efficient (32/34 ATP made) vs. subst. where 1 ATP made @ a time |
|
|
Term
| Where does pre-krebs/intermediate phase occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the E- transport chain occur? |
|
Definition
| Inner membrane of mitochondria, inner membrane space and matrix |
|
|
Term
| 2 main reactions that happen in mitochondrial matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 ATP produced, NAD+ reduced, FAD+ reduced, electrons coming from glucose passed to NAD+ and FAD+ |
|
|
Term
| Why is the Krebs Cycle a cycle? |
|
Definition
| Because oxaloacetate is regenerated and able to pick up more acetyl CoAs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acetyl CoA, 3 NAD+, 1 FAD, 1 ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
X 2 |
|
|
Term
| Electron transport chain: |
|
Definition
| electron carriers bring electrons and drop them off, go down e- transport chain to oxygen (last e- acceptor), produce H20, H+s pumped out the membrane (proton gradient), get pumped back through ATP synthase producing 32/34 ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creation of proton gradient and diffusion of H+s back down concentration gradient through ATP synthase to make ATP |
|
|
Term
| Why is oxygen is required for cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| It's the last electron acceptor in the electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| What is formed when oxygen reacts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to cellular respiration if no oxygen present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy yield in Glycolysis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Energy yield in electron transport chain: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| End-product inhibition of metabolic pathways: |
|
Definition
| The end product becomes the allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme that is going through a reaction. It stops the enzyme from reacting again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membranes allow some substances to pass it more easily than others |
|
|
Term
| Why is selective permeability so important to living things? |
|
Definition
| Cells need to keep certain things out |
|
|
Term
| Formation of phospholipid bilayers: |
|
Definition
| Made of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails (phospholipid molecules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids |
|
|
Term
| Role of phospholipids/carbs/proteins in membrane? |
|
Definition
| All move around in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identification tags for cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, cell-to-cell recognition, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| Key factors that influence membrane fluidity: |
|
Definition
Cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity or acts as a buffer (makes it not too fluid/rigid), reduces phospholipid movement
Unsaturated hydrocarbon tails have kinks --> keeps molecules from packing together --> enhances membrane fluidity
Lipids move laterally in membrane |
|
|
Term
| Integral, transmembrane, peripheral proteins: |
|
Definition
Integral proteins: completely span hydrophobic enterior of membrane
Transmembrane: a kind of integral protein
Peripheral protein: not embedded in bilayer, appendages bound to surface of membrane (or to exposed integral proteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of substances that can pass through a phospholipid bilayer + examples: |
|
Definition
Nonpolar, small polar
Examples nonpolar: CO2, O2, hydrocarbons
Examples polar: water, ethanol |
|
|
Term
| Why can nonpolar substances pass through the lipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| Because of the big hydrophobic tails. Polar molecules would get stuck in this hydrophobic region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration (nature – order to disorder)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passive movement of water molecules, across a partially permeable membrane, from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When things go down concentration gradient through a membrane through a protein |
|
|
Term
| Example of facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How water behaves in concentration gradient: |
|
Definition
| Water goes from hypotonic --> hypertonic so from low concentration to high concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solution with lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solution with a higher concentration of solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solutions of equal solute concentration |
|
|
Term
| When do plants become turgid? |
|
Definition
| This is normal. When a cell is in hypotonic solution, H20 goes into the plant cell. |
|
|
Term
| When do plants become flaccid? |
|
Definition
| When they're in an isotonic solution, H20 goes in and out, and since plant cells want to be full of water (turgid), it's not enough water and therefore not normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When plant cells are shriveled in a hypertonic solution because too much H2O leaves |
|
|
Term
| When do animal cells become shriveled? |
|
Definition
| When they're in hypertonic solution, and too much H2O leaves |
|
|
Term
| When do animal cells explode? |
|
Definition
| When they're in hypotonic solution, too much H2O enters |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport? |
|
Definition
| Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport and requires no energy to occur, while active transport requires energy to happen because things are going UP the concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| Example of active transport: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do cells create electromagnetic gradients? |
|
Definition
There's a concentration gradient (more out than in), and an electrical component/gradient.
Difference in concentration and charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uses ATP to pump out 3 Sodium ions (+) and pump in 2 Potassium ions (+), +3 out, +2 in, net negative charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell secreted macromolecules by fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid in tiny vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell engulfs a particle by wrapping around it and packaging it within a membrane-enclosed sac |
|
|
Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis: |
|
Definition
| Very specific. Proteins with specific receptor sites are exposed to extracellular fluid. Extracellular substances bind to receptors. Enables cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances |
|
|
Term
| Role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes |
|
Definition
Transport protein moves subtances across membrane "uphill" against concentration gradient.
So protein pumps are used to pump substances.
Active transport requires an expenditure of energy (ATP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to transport things within the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is produced in anaerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| Lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide (no further yield of ATP) |
|
|
Term
| Ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactate is produced in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed in aerobic cell respiration? |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP |
|
|
