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Definition
| The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules such as glucose; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Cellular respiration in the presence of O2 |
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| Equation for Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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Definition
| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction |
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Definition
| The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation |
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| Short for oxidation-reduction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance and added to another |
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule |
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Definition
| A coenzyme that can accept electrons during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism. The reduced, hydrogen- (electron-) carrying form is NADH |
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| A series of electron carrying molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reaction that release energy used to make ATP; located the inner membrane of mitochondria |
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Definition
| The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) |
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Definition
| The metabolic cycle fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolosis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration |
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Definition
| Energy-coupling mechanics that uses the energy of hydrogen ion (H+) gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells |
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Definition
| Protein complexes built into the inner membrane that synthesize ATP using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient |
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Term
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an organic molecule (for example, one of the intermediates in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle) |
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Definition
| One of the compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis |
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Definition
| A three carbon molecule that is the end product of glycolysis |
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Definition
| The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme |
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Definition
| An electron carrier that adds its electrons to the electron transport chain; the reduced form of FAD |
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Definition
| An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradients exists, substances tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. |
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Definition
| The organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs |
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| Outer membrane of mitochondrion |
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Definition
| This membrane, like the plasma membrane, consists of a double layer of phospholipids |
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Definition
| The narrow area between the inner and outer membranes. H+ ions accumulate here. |
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Definition
| The site of oxidative phosphorylation; the membrane has folds called cristae |
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Definition
| The fluid material that fills the area inside the inner membrane; the site of the Krebs cycle and the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA |
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