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| regulates entrance and exit of molecules |
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| protein cylinders that move organelles |
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| protein fibers that provide stabliity of shape |
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| protein fibers that play a role in change of shape |
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| short cylinders of microtubules of unknown functions |
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| microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles |
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| vesicle that digests macromolecules and cell parts |
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| small membrane-bound sac that stores and transports substances |
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| semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles |
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| command center of the cell |
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| double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses nucleus |
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| diffuse threats containing DNA and protein |
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| region that produces subunits of ribosomes |
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| protein and lipid metabolism |
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| studded with ribosome s that synthesize proteins |
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| lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules |
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| vesicle that is involved in fatty acid metobolism |
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| particles that carry out protein synthesis |
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| organelle that carries out cellular respiration (Krebs, aerobic) producing ATP molecules |
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| processes packages and secretes modified proteins |
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| 4 Functions of cell membrane |
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| Separates intra from extra cellular; provides receptor for cell singaling and selective transport; generate and conduct electrical current; regulate cell growth and replication |
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| Function of ATP to cell metabolism |
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| stores the energy created in cellular respiration, and open and close membrane channels |
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| uses oxygen and consists of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs, mitochondria) and the electron transport chain yielding a net gain of 36 ATP per each molecule of glucose |
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| Does not use oxygen and consist of glycolysis only yielding a net gain of 2 ATP per each molecule of glucose (in cytoplasm) |
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| Movement of molecules from area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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| Diffusion of WATER across a membrane toward an area of higher concentration of ions, in order to dilute the substance. |
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| Process of a cellular membrane enveloping a substance and brining it into the cell in a vesicle |
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| Process of expelling a vesicle out of a cell through the cell membrane |
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| process that requires energy to move a substnace across the cell membrane; usually against a concentration gradient |
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| Allow or block ions from crossing lipid membranes in response to stimuli, leak channels or gated channels( voltage, ligand and mechanically) stimulated |
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| series of biochemical reactions that allows cells to receive and respond to messages coming in through cell membranes; ligand binds with a membrane-bound receptor forming a ligond-receptor complex, this activates the G protein which activates an enzyme (adenylate cyclase) that is bound to the inner surface of the cell membrane, this removes two phosphates from ATP and circulates it, forming cAMP which actives the protein kinases. the protein kinases bind with an inactivate substrate and activate it which leads to cellular changes. |
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| Activates or inactivates an enzyme example (adenylate cyclase) that is bound to the inner surface of the cell membrane, this removes two phosphates from ATP and circulazes it, forming cAMP which activates protein kinases |
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| unequal distribution of positive and negative ions on two sides of a membrane which creates stored electrical energy that can be used to do work at some future time |
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| Covers the body surface and organs, forms inner lining of body cavities and lines hollow organs, lacks blood vessels, heals rapidly. Basal surface is the basement membrane |
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| Most abundant type by weight bone blood cartilage; bind structures and provide support and protection; store fat and produce blood cells |
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| elongated shape, contractile, skeletal smooth and cardiac |
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| brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, neurons and neuroglial cells |
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| fibers and a ground substance whose cosistency varies from fluid to semisolid to solid; it binds supports and provides a medium for substances to transfer between blood and cells within tissues |
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| cell membrane fuse; sheet like layers in digestive tract and tiny blood vessels |
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| spot welds, skin cells without them you get blisters |
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| attach cells to basement membrane |
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| channels linking cytoplaam of adjacent cells allowing small molecules to move between them, heart muscle and digestive tract |
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| very important; used for cell to cell recognition and adhesion; made of a long carbohydrate chain attached to a protein molecule/lipid molecule or lectin |
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| messenger molecules that initiate physiological changes inside the cell; ex hormones (epinephrine) |
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| main factors contributing to the membrane potential |
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| Difference in concentration of ions (They will want to move from high to lower concentration); permeability of the membrane (are the channels opened to let certain ions in, can they diffuse across by themselves/ use leak channels?) |
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| describes the voltage generated by ions that diffuse across the cell membrane |
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| one in which there is no net movement across the membrane because the diffusion potential and the electrical forces generated by the movement of the ion are exactly balanced |
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| Examples of lipid soluble things= diffusion |
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| need energy because both items are going against their concentration gradient (going from low to high concentration); need a carrier protein with ATP! |
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| Carries the transport solute using energy: uses energy from a gradient that was created by a primary active transport system that used ATP; (examples: symport, antiport) |
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| Only muscle and nerve cells have this? |
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| cells get smaller; when i have a lot of osmotically active items outside of the cell; water rushes out of the cell to dilute the high concentration outside |
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| cell gets bigger; when a lot of items/ osomatically active stuff is inside the cell water rushes in to dilute the cell |
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| "SUCKING POWER"; the higher the concration of ions the higher the gradient: sucking the water TOWARD the particles |
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| voltage gated channels open/ respond to |
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| change in membrane potential; when they hit the action potential the channels open to let ions in! |
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| single layer of cells that are all resting on the basement membrane |
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| function: filtration; found in the lining of blood vessels, lymph nodes and the alveoli of the lung |
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| Found: in ovary and thyroid |
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| found: in intestine and gall bladder |
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| Stratified and pseudostratified Function |
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| to protect the body surface; contain more then one layer of cells |
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| stratified squamous keratinzed epithelium |
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| stratified squamous unkeratinzed epithelium |
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| Location: mouth and tongue |
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| stratified cuboidal: location |
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| pseudostratified cilated columnar location |
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