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Cellular Adaptation
WSU-R
30
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
09/14/2010

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Cards

Term
Cellular Adaptation
Definition

Necessary for healthy life

 

cells changing to reflect new environments

Term
Physiologic Adaptation
Definition

cells responding and changing to normal 

stimulation

Term
Pathologic Adaptation
Definition

cells changing and responding in response

to dangerous stimuli

Term
Atrophy
Definition
  • decrease in cell size
  • r/t pathologic or physiologic stimuli
  • Examples: broken leg (pathologic) or old age (physiologic)
Term
Hyperthrophy
Definition

  • increase in cell size and function (d/t overuse)
  • seen in cells unable to increase in number
  • Examples: cardiac cells, skeletal muscles, sex organs during puberty, and muscle size related to weight lifting

Term
Involution
Definition

  • decrease in number of cells
  • caused by apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  • Examples: ischemic diseases, neuro diseases

Term
Hyperplasia
Definition

  • overgrowth of cells (# of cells)
  • increased cell division
  • situations favoring hyperplasia usually also favor cancer

Term
Dysplasia
Definition

  • change in cell type
  • abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization
  • usually can be controlled

Term
Metaplasia
Definition

reversible replacement of one cell to another mature cell type

 

Term
Anaplasia
Definition

  • complete loss in differentiation
  • cells will not function normally
  • complete chaos (cancer)

Term
Sub-lethal cell injury
Definition

  • eventually cells will adapt
  • sometimes recognizable changes in cell structure
  • may progress to cell injury/ death

Term
Irreversible Cellular Injury
Definition

MVAs or Tylenol ODs

 

loss of cellular function, differentiation

 

cells will not adapt/recover

Term
Factors Involving cellular function
Definition

  • Onset (sudden or gradual)
  • genetics 
  • adaptation of cells
  • severity of cellular injury
  • exposure
  • nutritional status
  • blood supply

Term
Hypoxic Injuries
Definition

  • a lack of oxygen
  • Caused By
    • decreased oxygen in the air
    • loss of hemoglobin/ function
    • carbon monoxide poisoning
    • decreased RBC production
    • inadequate oxygen transfer
    • injury to the cytochrome

Term
Free Radicals
Definition

  • Hyperactive cells d/t unpaired electron in orbit

Term
Where do free radicals attack?
Definition
Anywhere, Anytime, and Anything
Term
Chemical Injury
Definition

  • occurs when lipid membranes are attacked
  • Examples:
    • drugs
    • carbon tetrachloride
    • air pollution
    • social/street drugs
    • ionizing radiation

Term
Infectious Injury
Definition

produce toxins within the body

 

can cause shock in the body

Term
Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury
Definition

cause of diseases such as Arthritis

 

Factors:

genetic (diabetes)

 

Term
What are the two types of nutritional imbalances?
Definition

  • excess (lipid problems)
  • starvation (no glucose)

Term

Physical Agents

of Cell Adaptation

Definition

  • ionizing radiation
  • Temperature
  • Atmospheric Pressure
  • Noise

Term
Why is Ionizing Radiation (sunburn) so bad?
Definition

it damages DNA both directly and indirectly

 

produces growth in a random fashion

Term
Cellular Manifestations of Cellular Injury
Definition

  • sodium potassium pump is disrupted
  • damage to the mitochondria
  • damage in the cell walls
  • cell lyses
  • cell death (over time)

Term
Systemic Manifestions of Cell Injury
Definition

  • increased HR
  • pain
  • loss of well-being
  • altered blood pressure
  • altered respiratory rate
  • altered urine output

Term
Necrosis
Definition
the sum of morphologic changes that follow cell death in a living tissue or organ
Term
Factors of Necrosis
Definition

  • autolysis
  • calcification
  • heterolysis
  • phagocytosis

Term
Somatic Death
Definition
death of the body
Term
Algor Mortis
Definition

  • Cooling rate of the body
  • depends on temp of body before death
  • 1-1.5 degree decline for first 24 hours
    • Then body is at room temp

Term
Livor Mortis
Definition

  • redish blue discoloration due to gravity
  • occurs on:
    • butt
    • back
    • cave sides

Term
Rigor Mortis
Definition

  • stiffening of muscles after death
  • d/t lack of ATP production
  • 12-14 hours will affect entire body

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