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cells
eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
49
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/09/2011

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Term
basic features of all cells (4)
Definition
plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
Term
unique characteristics of prokaryotic cells (4)
Definition
no nucleus, DNA inside nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm inside plasma membrane
Term
unique characteristics of eukaryotic cells (4)
Definition
DNA inside nuclear envelope, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm between plasma membrane and nucleus, generally larger than prokaryotes
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
double layer of phospholipids allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Term
nucleus
Definition
contains most of DNA, used by ribosomes to make proteins
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
encloses nucleus to separate it from the cytoplasm. made of 2 lipid bilayers
Term
nuclear lamina
Definition
maintains shape of nucleus, on inner surface, made of protein
Term
chromatin
Definition
made of DNA and proteins, inside the nucleus, condenses into chromosomes
Term
nucleolus
Definition
inside nucleus, site of RNA synthesis
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
everything between nucleus and cell membrane, contains semifluid cytosol and organelles
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
made of rRNA, synthesize protein in cytosol (free), or ER/nuclear envelope (bound)
Term
ribosome subunits
Definition
eukaryotic: 80S (60/40), prokaryotes: 70S (50/30)
Term
endomembrane system components (6)
Definition
Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
Term
Vesicles
Definition
transfer components of endomembrane system
Term
ER
Definition
continuous with nuclear envelope, composed of SER and RER
Term
SER (4 functions)
Definition
sinthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies poison, stores calcium
Term
RER (2)
Definition
has ribosomes that secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles
Term
Golgi apparatus (3 functions)
Definition
flattened sacs (cisternae), not connected; modifies what it gets from ER, manufactures some macromolecules, sorts materials into transport vesicles
Term
lysosome
Definition
membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes digesting macromolecules. hydrolize proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
engulf another cell, forming a food vacuole, lysosome fuses with the food vacuole
Term
3 vacuoles
Definition
food (phagocytosis), contractile(pump excess water out), central (hold organic compounds and water)
Term
mitochondria
Definition
cell respiration, generating ATP
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
(plants, algae) sites for photosynthesis
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
oxidative organelles
Term
mitochondria and chloroplasts (4)
Definition
not part of Endomembrane system, have double membrane, have proteins via free ribosomes, have own DNA
Term
mitochondria structure
Definition
smooth outer membrane, inner cristae (inner membrane space and mitochondrial matrix), which is in charge of some cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
Term
chloroplast (3 functions)
Definition
from plastids, contain chlorophyll, enzymes, used for photosynthesis
Term
chloroplast structure
Definition
thylakoids (form a granum stack), Stroma (internal fluid)
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
metabolic compartments bound by single membrane producing hydrogen peroxide and breaking it down into water with oxygen
Term
cytoskeleton(3 structures) (3 functions)
Definition
organizes cell's activities and maintains its shape, mobility via motor proteins, provides vesicle monorails, made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Term
microtubules
Definition
thickest part of cytoskeleton, helps shape and mobility within cell
Term
microfilaments
Definition
thinnest part of cytoskeleton, maintainence and changes cell shape, helps muscles contract
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
diameter in a middle range of cytoskeleton. anchor nucleus and organelles, forms nuclear lamina, maintenence of cell shape
Term
microtubules
Definition
hollow rods, shape cell, guide organelles, separate chromosomes, structure of centrioles.
Term
centrosomes
Definition
where microtubules grow,
Term
centrioles
Definition
pair making up centrosome, each with nine triplets arranged in aring
Term
cilia and flagella (3 similarities)
Definition
core of microtubules surrounded by plasma membrane, basal body anchoring, motor protein dynein
Term
microfilaments (4 functions)
Definition
solid rods with a twisted chain of actin subunits, bears tension, form cortexinside plasma membrane for support, make up microvili of intestinal cells
Term
myosin
Definition
in microfilaments for mobility, help muscle cell contraction.
Term
pseudopodia
Definition
extends and contracts for amoeboid movement
Term
cytoplasmic streaming
Definition
circular flow of cytoplasm in cells. speeds distribution of materials in cell
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
support cell shape and fix organelles in place
Term
cell wall
Definition
only in plants, consists of primary, secondary, and middle lamina, supporting cell shape and keeping out excess water
Term
ECM
Definition
in animals made of glycoproteins, bind receptor proteins in plasma membrane called interins
Term
ECM functions (5)
Definition
support, adhesion, movement, regulation, cell cell recognition
Term
plasmodesmata
Definition
intercellular junction in plants passing water and small solutes
Term
tight junction
Definition
membranes of cells pressing together to prevent leackage
Term
desmosomes
Definition
create strong cell sheets
Term
gap junctions
Definition
provide communication channels for cells
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