Term
| What does the cell membrane do? |
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Definition
| membrane facilitates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell, including oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, and water |
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Term
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Definition
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glucose stores chemical energy which can be used by the cell
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Term
| Where is chemical energy stored? |
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Definition
| in the bonds between atoms |
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Term
| What does cellular respiration do? |
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Definition
breaks down glucose, releasing the energy in its bonds.
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Term
what stores more energy than C-O or O-H bonds
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the word and symbol equations for cellular respiration |
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Definition
C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy (as ATP)
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (as ATP)
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Term
Identify the reactants and products of a chemical reaction.
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Definition
reactants - what you put into a reaction
products - what you get out of it
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Term
| Explain why cells need to perform cellular respiration |
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Definition
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Term
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Explain why the reactants of cellular respiration store more energy than the products.
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Definition
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Because energy is released while the reaction continues
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Term
| What happens to energy released in cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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some of the energy released during cellular respiration is stored in ATP, but most is released as heat energy
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Term
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Outline how ATP provides energy for reactions in the cell
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Definition
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Term
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Explain why ATP is considered the “rechargeable battery” of the cell, and describe the ATP cycle
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Definition
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Energy can be released by converting ATP to ADP, which is the uncharged form. By binding to the phosphate group, ADP can be converted back to ATP, the charged form.
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Term
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Diagram the energy transformations that take place during cellular respiration.
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Definition
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Term
| Where does cellular respiration occur and why is the the are folded |
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Definition
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cellular respiration occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, and the folded mitochondria Increases the surface area, therefore more electron transport chains can be on the mitochondria and the more electron transport chains the more ATP |
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Term
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Describe how humans get glucose and oxygen get from the external environment into their cells, including the organs involved, and the process of digestion.
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Definition
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Term
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Explain why organisms need to perform photosynthesis.
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Definition
| Plants need to photosynthesise because this is how they make their own food and obtain energy |
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Term
| What does photosynthesis do |
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Definition
| photosynthesis takes light energy, and stores it in the bonds of glucose molecules |
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Term
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Describe the electromagnetic spectrum
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Definition
| ENergy carrying waves that reflect light and color, white is a combo of all visible colors, objects color is the color it reflects |
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Term
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what parts of the electromagnetic spectrum can photosynthesis use
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Definition
| photosynthesis can only use part of the electromagnetic spectrum, especially red and blue visible light. |
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Term
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Explain why different objects appear the color that they are, and why the photosynthesizing parts of plants appear green.
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Definition
| different objects appear the color that they are because the color from the electro magnetic spectrum is reflected off the certain object photosynthesizing parts of a plant appear green because thats the color that is reflected off of them |
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Term
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Describe the word and symbol equations for photosynthesis
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Definition
Carbon dioxide+water->glucose+oxygen
CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
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Determine how changing conditions such as temperature, light availability, water availability, or carbon dioxide concentration will affect the rate of photosynthesis in a cell.
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Definition
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Term
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Diagram the energy transformations that take place during photosynthesis.
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Definition
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Term
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Make connections between photosynthesis and respiration, and food webs and the carbon and water cycles.
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Definition
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Term
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Make connections between cellular respiration and eutrophication
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Definition
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Term
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Relate photosynthesis and respiration to the themes of transformations of matter and energy, and interdependence
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Definition
Interdependance: Plants breathe in oxygen during respiration and breath out carbon dioxide. This carbon dioxide releases during respiration is used in photosynthesis to make glucose and release oxygen.
Transformations of matter and energy: |
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Term
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List some of the functions of proteins
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Definition
1. Protein helps build and maintain body tissues like muscles
2. Enzymes and hormones and other compounds in the body are made of protein
3. Protein is used to make hair, skin and nails |
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Term
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what can many proteins do
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Definition
| many proteins can bind together to perform a particular task – for example the fibers of the cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Describe the endomembrane system
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Definition
| The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
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what are most of the molecules that cells build |
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Definition
| most of the molecules that cells build are proteins |
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Term
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How many different amino acids are there and what do they do
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Definition
| there are 20 different amino acids, which combine to form proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins are long chains of amino acids arranged in a very specific order |
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Term
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Explain why there is an infinite number of proteins that could exist
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Definition
| There are 20 common amino acids which can be joined in any number and any combination to give an infinite number of combinations with differing amino acid sequences (primary structure) and number of amino acids. |
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Term
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Explain how the structure of a protein is determined by the order of amino acids in its chain.
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Definition
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Term
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Relate protein formation to the theme of structure and function
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Definition
| Proteins can have so many different functions because they can have so many different structures |
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Term
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what makes cells and organisms different and relate this to unity and diversity
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Definition
| while all cells have some of the same proteins, the differences in the proteins present in a cell is ultimately what makes cells (and organisms) different |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living organism and enzymes are the most common type of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes are not used up during reactions, and may be used repeatedly. |
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Term
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Identify examples of a few of the enzymes used in digestion
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Definition
Amylase-found in saliva and works on the substrate maltose
Lipase-necessary for absorption and digestion of nutrients
Pepsin-Catalyses breakdown of protein to peptides |
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Term
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Explain how enzymes are specific to a particular substrate, using the term “lock and key”.
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Definition
| Certain substrates fit perfectly into the active site of the enzyme like a lock and key |
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Term
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Explain how changes in pH, salt levels, and temperature can affect the ability of an enzyme to function – relate this to the theme of regulation and structure and function
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Definition
| Each enzyme works perfectly at a certain temperature and Ph level and it leads to denaturation which alters the structure of the enzyme by breaking the bonds of the enzyme affecting the function... regulation? |
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Term
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Make connections between enzyme functioning and human effects on the environment, such as climate change and acid rain.
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Definition
| GLobal warming is a human effect causing climate change and acid rain leading to denaturation which alters the structure of the enzyme by breaking the bonds of the enzyme affecting the function |
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Term
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Definition
| cells communicate by using molecules (usually proteins or steroids) as chemical signals |
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Term
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Differentiate between intracellular communication, intercellular communication, and chemical communication between organisms.
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Definition
Intercellular= communication between cells
Intracellular= communication in cells
chemical= |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism |
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Term
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Give examples of hormones and other molecules used in intercellular communication.
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Definition
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Term
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Describe the cell cycle, including the main activities that occur during interphase and mitosis.
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Definition
Cell Cycle: series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication
Interphase:
Mitosis: Cell division |
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Term
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Describe how intracellular and intercellular communications regulate the cell cycle, including the actions of checkpoint proteins and growth factors
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Definition
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Term
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Define cancer, and explain what might cause a tissue to become cancerous
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Definition
| CAncer is uncontrolled growth of cells and is caused by a failure of cell cycle regulation |
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Term
| Define benign, malignant, and metastasis. |
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Definition
benign: tumor that doesn't metastasis
malignant: Tending to be severe and become progressively worse
metastasis: The process by which cancer spreads from the place at which it first arose |
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Term
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Describe common treatments for cancer
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Definition
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Surgery |
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Term
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Calculate the Surface Area: Volume ratio (SAVR) of a particular object
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Definition
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Term
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Explain why cells need to divide if SAVR gets too low
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Definition
| To raise the surface area of the cells |
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Term
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Explain how the structure of a particular organelle is related to its function, possibly referring to the SA:V ratio.
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Definition
| Increase SA to function better |
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