Term
| How were cells discovered? |
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Definition
A result of the microscope being invented
1665
Robert Hooke looked at cork through a microscope and found little boxes |
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Definition
All living things are made of 1+ cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms
All cells come from existing cells |
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Term
| Why can't cells get too big? |
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Definition
| As a cell gets larger, the volume grows more quickly than the surface area, and even though the cell needs more nutrients/has more waste, it can't take them in/expel it through the membrane as quickly. |
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| Usually long and thin or broad and flat so they have more surface area |
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| layer that covers, protects, and controls what moves in and out of the cell |
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Definition
| area of cell inside the membrane |
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Definition
| organelles where protiens are made |
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| a structure that does a particular job for the cell |
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Term
| What features do all cells have? |
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Definition
| cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA |
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Term
| How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different? |
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Definition
DNA structure (prokaryotic: a big tangle; eukaryotic: in the nucleus)
Nucleus (prokaryotic cells don't have one)
Eukaryotic cells are more complex and can do more
Prokaryotes are always unicellular whereas eukaryotes can have 1+ cells
Cell walls (prokaryotic: always; eukaryotic: sometimes) |
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Definition
A web of protein fibers in both types of cells that:
Helps the cell move,
Support and holds the shape of the cell
Organizes parts of cell and keeps some structures in place |
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| How are activities of the cell directed? |
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Definition
| By proteins that are made from DNA/RNA instructions |
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Definition
| A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus |
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Definition
| Center of the nucleus, where parts of ribosomes are made (namely RNA) |
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Definition
| Places that materials can move in and out of the nucleus |
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Definition
| A system of membranes found in the cytoplasm that assists in production, processing, and transport of proteins, and in the production of lipids |
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Definition
| Basically just stores stuff (especially ions) and creates steroids or something (not important) |
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Definition
| an organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported outside the cell |
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Definition
| special kinds of vesicles with enzymes that can break molecules down (food or screwed-up/unused organelles) |
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| a small cavity/sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
| fluid-filled vesicle found in cytoplasm of plant cells or protist cells |
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Definition
| a large vacuole in many plant cells that stores water, ions, nutrients, and wastes, and controls rigidity of cell through its amount of water |
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Definition
| some protists have these; they pump water out of the cell |
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Definition
| an organelle in some eukaryotic cells that uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugars through photosynthesis (more on that later) |
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Definition
| an organelle in eukaryotic cells that breaks down organic compounds, such as sugars, to make ATPs (more on that later) |
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Definition
| a long, threadlike structure that helps cells move |
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Definition
| short, thick structures that grow out of a prokaryotic cell's surface and help it attach to surfaces or other cells |
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| How are protiens transported? |
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Definition
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| a collection of genetically identical cells that live in connected groups but don't depend on each other |
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Term
| What body types can organisms have? |
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Definition
| Unicellular or multicellular |
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Definition
| the process in which specialized cells form |
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Definition
| when cells have different structures that let them carry out particular functions for the organism |
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Definition
| a group of similar cells that perform a similar function |
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Definition
| a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
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Definition
| a collection of organs that carry out a specialized function of the body |
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Definition
| maintenance of stable internal conditions in a changing environment |
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Term
| 4 ways in which the cell membrane helps a cell maintain homeostasis |
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Definition
It...
controls which substances pass into the cell
helps the cell keep its shape
recognizes substances that might harm the cell
communicates with other cells
(Basically acts like a gatekeeper) |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized lipid with a phosphate, polar, hydrophilic "head" and two fatty acid, nonpolar, hydrophobic "tails" |
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Definition
| two layers of phospholipids that make up the basic structure of a biological membrane |
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Definition
| allows only certain substances, such as small nonpolar molecules, to pass through |
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Definition
| a membrane protein that announces a cell's identity |
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Definition
| a membrane protein that recognizes and binds to substances outside the cell |
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Definition
| membrane proteins that play a role in many chemical reactions inside the cell |
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Definition
| membrane proteins that help move many substances across the cell membrane |
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Term
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio |
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Definition
More surface area is good
Smaller cells have a higher surface area : volume ratio (more SA; less volume) |
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Term
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Definition
Cell Membrane - controls what moves in and out of cell
Cytoplasm - jelly-like substance inside of cell membrane
Ribosomes - organelles where proteins are made
DNA - genetic material |
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Term
| prokaryotes/prokaryotic cells have |
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Definition
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
DNA - in a single tangled loop, located in cytoplasm
Cell wall - surrounds membrane, gives structure and support to cell |
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Term
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Definition
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
DNA - located in nucleus
Nucleus |
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Term
| How Do Proteins Move Out of the Cell? |
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Definition
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -
Ribosomes on rough ER make proteins
ER packages them in vesicles which move to the golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus -
Changes proteins and repackages them in new vesicles
Vesicle -
That vesicle goes to the membrane and releases proteins outside of the cell
Vesicle becomes part of cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in concentration in different areas |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of substances down the concentration gradient (from higher concentrated area to lower) |
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Definition
No energy required
Down the concentration gradient
Simple diffusion - smaller molecules pass directly through the lipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion - larger molecules need transport proteins to move through the lipid bilayer
Carrier protein - a transport protein, binds to molecules then changes shape and releases molecule into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| type of passive transport, water diffuses across membrane into whatever is outside of cell |
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Term
| what happens when a cell is in a hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
| Hypertonic solution - lower concentration of water; water goes out of cell |
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Term
| what happens when a cell is in a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| Hypotonic solution - higher concentration of water; water goes into cell |
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Term
| what happens when a cell is in an isotonic solution? |
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Definition
| Isotonic solution - equal concentration of water; water goes in and out of cell |
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Term
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Definition
Move substances against concentration gradient
Energy required
Carrier proteins may be used |
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Term
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Definition
a type of active transport
1. 3 sodium ions and a phosphate group from atp bind to the protein pump
2. The protein releases the sodium outside the sell
3. 2 potassium ions from outside the cell bind to the pump
4. The pump releases the phosphate group and the potassium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles move materials in |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles move materials out |
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Definition
| anything that serves to direct, guide, or warn |
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Definition
| a protein that binds specific signal molecules, which causes the cell to respond |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that is generated when a specific substance attaches to a receptor on the outside of a cell membrane, which produces a change in cellular function |
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Term
| How do cells respond to signals? |
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Definition
Three ways:
Change permeable-ness of membrane
Activate enzymes, which trigger chemical reactions
Form a second messenger (signal molecule within the cell) |
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Term
| What do cells use to communicate? |
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Definition
Receptor proteins used to communicate over short distances
Hormones and electrical signals used for long distance communication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Photosynthesis: overall input and output |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
| Cellular respiration: overall input and output |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATPs |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism |
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Definition
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Definition
| organisms that carry out photosynthesis |
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Definition
| an enzyme that uses energy from moving hydrogen ions to produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate ion |
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Term
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Definition
| organelles in photosynthetic organisms that enable them to carry out photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the space inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane within the stroma |
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Definition
| flat, disc-like sacs that the thylakoid membrane is folded into |
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Definition
| the main molecule that absorbs light (pigment) during photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Definition
| a substance that absorbs light and energy with it, and can transfer the energy |
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Definition
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Definition
| a single unit of light that carries energy |
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Definition
energy-capture part of photosynthesis
takes place in the thylakoid membrane
electrons absorb energy from sun and are moved to the stroma |
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Term
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Definition
second part of photosynthesis
energy in electrons from light-dependent reaction is used to combine CO2 and H2 into glucose |
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Term
| ALL ORGANISMS PERFORM SOME KIND OF RESPIRATION |
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Definition
| what else do i need to say i mean come on really |
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Term
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Definition
first step of cellular respiration
takes place in the cytoplasm
enzymes split glucose (C6H12O6) into two 3-carbon pyruvates
-2+4 ATP = 2 ATP
produces 2 NADH |
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Term
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Definition
| a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
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Term
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Definition
| the compartment inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion |
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Term
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Definition
| according to the stupid khan academy guy, the space between the outer and inner membranes of a mitochondrion |
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Term
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Definition
takes place in the matrix
every reaction in it is enzyme-catalyzed
pyruvate oxidation happens: we get to a 2-carbon molecule
makes all the components for the electron transport chain
produces 2 ATP for each molecule of glucose
produces 6 CO2 for each molecule of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
start with 10 NADH and 2 FADH2
oxidation: NADH=>NAD+ and H+ and 2 electrons (e-)
electrons are high-energy, they go through a bunch of "transition molecules" and lose energy on each one, eventually being used to make H2O
the energy that's released in each one is used to pump protons (H+) into the outer membrane
then they go back into the matrix through an atp synthase
atp synthase uses proton gradient to push adp and a phosphate group together |
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Definition
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Definition
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| total amount of ATP produced in cellular respiration |
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Definition
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Definition
| glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 ATP generated, occurs in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| pyruvate is broken down into CO2, 2 ATP generated, occurs in mitochondria |
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Term
| electron transport summary |
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Definition
| electrons transferred to membrane proteins in mitochondria, 32 ATP generated, O2 required |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen |
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