Term
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Definition
| process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen |
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Definition
| organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell |
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Definition
| process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
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Definition
| cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids |
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Definition
| water channel protein in a cell |
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Definition
| first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible |
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Definition
| fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells |
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Definition
| first set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring |
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Definition
| when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes |
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Definition
| group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
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Definition
| cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types |
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Definition
| fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
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Definition
| cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it |
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Definition
| part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
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Definition
| group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions |
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Definition
| period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
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Definition
| phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
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Definition
| one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome |
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Definition
| basic unit of all forms of life |
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Definition
| process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels |
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Definition
| fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside the thylakoids |
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Term
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Definition
| property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across the membrane while others cannot |
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Definition
| cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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Definition
| process of programmed cell death |
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Definition
| light-absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sun's energy |
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Definition
| membrane around the nucleus |
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Definition
| second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions |
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Definition
| organism whose cells contain a nucleus |
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Definition
| network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement |
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Definition
| fluid located in the interior of a mitochondrion |
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Definition
| structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division |
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Definition
| diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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Definition
| saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts |
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Term
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Definition
| small structure found in the cell membrane containing protein and nucleic acids |
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Term
| light-independent reactions |
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Definition
| set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle |
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Definition
| process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent |
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Definition
| process that requires oxygen |
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Definition
| organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
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Definition
| principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
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Definition
| internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled |
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Definition
| series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions |
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Definition
| process that does not require oxygen |
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Term
| NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) |
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Definition
| electron carrier involved in glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated |
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Term
| light-dependent reactions |
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Definition
| set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
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Definition
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Definition
| protein that associates with DNA to form chromosomes |
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Definition
| thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| compound used by cells to store and release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain |
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Term
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Definition
| when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
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Definition
| unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer |
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Definition
| pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of the cell cycle in which the cell prepares to begin mitosis |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| the macromolecule containing genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells |
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Term
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Definition
| developing stage of a multicellular organism |
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Definition
| substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones |
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Definition
| process by which one cell influences the pattern of differentiation in another cell |
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Term
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Definition
| resting phase during which the cell does not prepare to divide |
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Definition
| specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within eukaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small energy carrier molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of the cell cycle in which the cell carries out normal functions and prepares to replicate its DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| set of genes that code for all the proteins needed by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach |
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Term
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Definition
| uneven distribution of components in the cytoplasm and inherited in different ways by daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of heat energy in food; equivalent to 1000 calories |
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Term
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Definition
| flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| holes in the membrane of the nucleus through which substances enter and exit |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulatory molecule that induces mitosis when its levels increase |
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Term
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Definition
| structural unit within a chromosome composed of several histone proteins wrapped around DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can used by the rest of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| the concentration of two solutions is the same |
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Term
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Definition
| cell organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulatory molecule that stimulates or inhibits the rate of cell division |
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Term
| NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) |
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Definition
| carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
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