Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Cells TCAH
Unit 3
98
Biology
9th Grade
08/08/2014

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
cellular respiration
Definition
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell
Term
fermentation
Definition
process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
Term
photosystem
Definition
cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in thylakoids
Term
aquaporin
Definition
water channel protein in a cell
Term
prophase
Definition
first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible
Term
cell theory
Definition
fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells
Term
glycolysis
Definition
first set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Term
gene
Definition
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring
Term
hypotonic
Definition
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
Term
tissue
Definition
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Term
pluripotent
Definition
cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Term
ATP synthase
Definition
cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it
Term
mitosis
Definition
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
Term
organ
Definition
group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions
Term
interphase
Definition
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions
Term
anaphase
Definition
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Term
chromatid
Definition
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
Term
cell
Definition
basic unit of all forms of life
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels
Term
stroma
Definition
fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside the thylakoids
Term
selectively permeable
Definition
property of biological membranes that allows some substances to pass across the membrane while others cannot
Term
vacuole
Definition
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Term
apoptosis
Definition
process of programmed cell death
Term
pigment
Definition
light-absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the sun's energy
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
membrane around the nucleus
Term
Kreb's cycle
Definition
second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Term
eukaryote
Definition
organism whose cells contain a nucleus
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement
Term
mitochondrial matrix
Definition
fluid located in the interior of a mitochondrion
Term
centriole
Definition
structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
thylakoid
Definition
saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
Term
nucleolus
Definition
small structure found in the cell membrane containing protein and nucleic acids
Term
light-independent reactions
Definition
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle
Term
asexual reproduction
Definition
process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Term
aerobic
Definition
process that requires oxygen
Term
chloroplast
Definition
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
Term
chlorophyll
Definition
principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
Term
anaerobic
Definition
process that does not require oxygen
Term
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Definition
electron carrier involved in glycolysis
Term
chromosome
Definition
threadlike structure within the nucleus that contains genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next
Term
S phase
Definition
phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated
Term
light-dependent reactions
Definition
set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
Term
multicellular
Definition
consisting of many cells
Term
histone
Definition
protein that associates with DNA to form chromosomes
Term
cell menbrane
Definition
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds all cells; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Term
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
compound used by cells to store and release energy
Term
totipotent
Definition
cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body
Term
nucleus
Definition
in cells, structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA
Term
homeostasis
Definition
relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
Term
hypertonic
Definition
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
Term
cell division
Definition
by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen
Term
metaphase
Definition
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Term
binary fission
Definition
type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells
Term
diffusion
Definition
process by which particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
Term
stem cell
Definition
unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
Term
autotroph
Definition
organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
Term
G2 phase
Definition
phase of the cell cycle in which the cell prepares to begin mitosis
Term
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Definition
the macromolecule containing genetic information
Term
cell wall
Definition
strong, supporting layer around the cell membrane in some cells
Term
embryo
Definition
developing stage of a multicellular organism
Term
chromatin
Definition
substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones
Term
induction
Definition
process by which one cell influences the pattern of differentiation in another cell
Term
G0 phase
Definition
resting phase during which the cell does not prepare to divide
Term
organelle
Definition
specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within eukaryotic cell
Term
FAD
Definition
small energy carrier molecule
Term
prokaryote
Definition
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus
Term
G1 phase
Definition
phase of the cell cycle in which the cell carries out normal functions and prepares to replicate its DNA
Term
genetic information
Definition
set of genes that code for all the proteins needed by an organism
Term
tumor
Definition
mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue
Term
centromere
Definition
region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach
Term
cytoplasmic localization
Definition
uneven distribution of components in the cytoplasm and inherited in different ways by daughter cells
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
Term
ribosome
Definition
cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis
Term
multipotent
Definition
with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells
Term
Calorie
Definition
measure of heat energy in food; equivalent to 1000 calories
Term
lipid bilayer
Definition
flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
Term
telophase
Definition
phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin
Term
Calvin cycle
Definition
light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
holes in the membrane of the nucleus through which substances enter and exit
Term
cyclin
Definition
a regulatory molecule that induces mitosis when its levels increase
Term
nucleosome
Definition
structural unit within a chromosome composed of several histone proteins wrapped around DNA
Term
Metaphase
Definition
phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Term
lysosome
Definition
cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can used by the rest of the cell
Term
heterotroph
Definition
organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer
Term
isotonic
Definition
the concentration of two solutions is the same
Term
mitochondria
Definition
cell organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
Term
cancer
Definition
disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth
Term
growth factor
Definition
a regulatory molecule that stimulates or inhibits the rate of cell division
Term
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
Definition
carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
Term
differentiation
Definition
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
Term
unicellular
Definition
consisting of one cell
Supporting users have an ad free experience!