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cells,plants,energy flows
AQA unit2
14
Biology
10th Grade
05/17/2010

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Term
structures of both animal and plant cells
Definition
* nucleus to control cell activity
*cytoplasm where chemical reactions take place
*membrane which controls movement of material
*mitochondia where energy is realesed during aerobic respiration
*ribosomes where protein is made
Term
plant cells have
Definition
*rigid cell wall for support

*chloroplasts contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis

* vacuole containing cell sap
Term
specialised cells
Definition
carry out particular jobs this is called differentiation
this happens much earlier in animals

eg cells in plant may be xylem(root hairs)

eg animal cells may develop into a nerve cell
Term
how do substances get in and out of cells
Definition
diffusion is random movement of molecules from area of high to area of lower concentration (does not require energy from cells)
eg diffusion of oxygen into blood stream as cells are respiring

eg carbon dioxide diffusing into photosynthesising plant

eg diffusion of simple sugars and amino acids from gut through membrane
Term
osmosis
Definition
movement of water through semi or permeable membrane.

Water is needed to support cells and

because chemical reactions take place in the solution
Term
how do plants produce food
Definition
photosynthesis (only in GREEN plants)

the equation
Carbon dioxide+water(+light energy) =
glucose + oxygen

Carbon dioxide taken by leaves and water in roots
Chlorophyll traps energy needed
Sugar glucose is made and oxygen given off as waste gas and used for respiration
Term
limiting factors
Definition
if things are limited eg light then photosynthesis slowed down

If cold enzymes would not work effectively

if in enclosed space eg greenhouse CO2 is limited
Term
how plants use glucose
Definition
for repiration(release of energy from food)

plant combines it with other nutrients to produce new material

glucose is stored by some plants as insoluble starch so it has no effect on osmosis
Term
why do plants need minerals
Definition
*for healthy growth

*Nitrates from soil for producing amino acids which are used to make protein.
If deficient then stunted growth

*take magnesium which is essential to produce chlorophyll.
if deficient then yellow leaves
Term
pyramids of biomass
Definition
biomass is mass of living material

pyramid represents mass at each stage in food chain and gives more accurate picture
(mass of bush greater than mass of insects feeding on bush)
Term
energy losses
Definition
energy loss means not all energy taken in results in growth

energy loss in food chain is due to
*heat
*movement
*waste (faeces and urine)

shown in sankey diagrams
Term
energy in food production
Definition
the shorter the food chain the less loss in energy

if animal prevented from moving then more energy in meat so artificially made more efficient

keeping animal in warmer temp so less energy used up maintaining temp of animal
Term
decay
Definition
detrius feeders(eg worms) start the decay by eating dead animals or plants

Decay organisms are microorganisms eg bacteria and fungi

decay faster if warm and wet
Term
carbon cycle
Definition
recycling of carbon involves both photosynthesis and respiration

photosynthesis removes CO2

repiration of both plants and animals returns CO2 to atmosphere
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