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Cells & Cancer Section
Definitions for Test 1 Review
81
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
10/04/2011

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Term
Atrophy
Definition
decreased cell size (cell shrinkage)
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
normal, active process of cellular destruction
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
increased cell size; seen in skeletal & cardiac muscle - occasionally in kidney tissue
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
increased number of cells
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
abnormal changes to size, shape, and organization of cells
Term
Metaplasia
Definition
REVERSIBLE replacement of mature cells by less differentiated cells
Term
Anaplasia
Definition
TOTAL LOSS in cell structure and differentiation - loss of function
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
lack of sufficient O2
Term
Ischemia
Definition
lack of O2 due to blockage in blood supply to tissue
Term
Anoxia
Definition
total lack of O2
Term
Reperfusion
Definition
re-entry of O2 into tissues after reversible ischemia
Term
Necrosis
Definition
cellular changes after death and cellular self digestion
Term
Coagulative Necrosis
Definition
tissues/cells become a dry mass with no nucleus
Term
Liquefaction Necrosis
Definition
digestion of cells resulting in soft, liquid tissue
Term
Caseous Necrosis
Definition
tissue becomes friable and crumbly - often seen with TB
Term
Fat Necrosis
Definition
production of free fatty acids which combine with ions to form "soap"
Term
Gengrenous Necrosis
Definition
death of tissue due to severe hypoxia/ischemia
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
collection of functional cells that comprise an organ
Term
Stroma
Definition
connective tissue & blood vessels that support the parenchyma
Term
Regeneration
Definition
cells lost through injury that are replaced by cell division
Term
Repair
Definition
replacement of damaged cells with fibrous scar tissue
Term
Labile Tissues
Definition
cells continually dividing - ex: skin epithelial cells, mucous membrane cells, GI tract cells
Term
Stable Tissues
Definition
cells that divide slowly - ex: glandular cells, liver cells, connective tissue cells
Term
Permanent Tissues
Definition
cells that cannot divide - ex: skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
Term
Permanent Tissues
Definition
cells that cannot divide - ex: skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
process of replacing damaged tissue with collagen rich tissue - or scar tissue
Term
Fibroblast
Definition
cells involved in the formation of collagen
Term
Angiogenesis
Definition
revascularization - production of new blood vessels
Term
Wound Contraction
Definition
drawing of the wound edges closer together
Term
Myofibroblast
Definition
specialized cell for wound contraction
Term
Reduced
Definition
when edges of a fractured bone and properly aligned
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
bone forming cells
Term
Osteoid
Definition
soft callus = repair tissue of collagen & cartilage seen in early bone repair
Term
Ossification
Definition
forming of hard callus = second step in bone repair
Term
Gliosis
Definition
replacement of neurons by nonconducting neuroglia
Term
Contracture
Definition
exaggerated wound contraction
Term
Stricture
Definition
narrowing of the lumen of a hollow organe
Term
Adhesions
Definition
joining of 2 membranes during healing which normally move freely against one another
Term
Dehiscence
Definition
breaking open of a healing wound
Term
Herniation
Definition
displacement of an organ from it's normal cavity position
Term
Keloids
Definition
irregular masses of scar tissue that protrude from the surface of the skin
Term
Proud flesh
Definition
overproduction of granulation tissue
Term
Contact inhibition
Definition
dividing cells stop mitosis when they touch one another
Term
Myoblasts
Definition
embryonic cells that develop into muscle tissue
Term
Endoderm
Definition
embryonic layer that becomes the lining of the GI tract
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
embryonic layer that becomes the epidermis of the skin
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
embryonic tissue that develops into connective tissue
Term
Adipocytes
Definition
adipose (fat) cells
Term
Chrondoblasts
Definition
mitotic cell form of cartilage
Term
Chrondocyte
Definition
mature cartilage cell
Term
Fibrocyte
Definition
mature connective tissue cell
Term
Hemocytoblast
Definition
bone marrow cell that can become blood cells
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
cells that arise from bone marrow and become WBCs
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
pigment producing cells in skin and hair
Term
Monocytes
Definition
large, single-nucleus WBCs
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
bone-forming cells
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
bone breakdown cells
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
Reticulocytes
Definition
immature RBCs
Term
Pleomorphism
Definition
cells within a tissue are of variable size and shape
Term
Oncology
Definition
the study of tumors
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
cancers of the epithelial tissues
Term
Endoderm
Definition
lining of the GI tract & respiratory tract
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
epidermis of the skin & nervous tissue
Term
Adenocarcinoma
Definition
malignant glandular tumor
Term
Adenocarcinoma
Definition
malignant glandular tumor
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
connective tissue tumors
Term
Melanoma
Definition
malignant tumor derived from melanocytes
Term
Basal cell carcinoma
Definition
formed from deep epithelial cells (usually skin)
Term
Squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
formed from epithelial cells near the surface
Term
Lymphomas
Definition
cancers of the lymphatic tissue
Term
Gliomas
Definition
cancers of the glial cells of the nervous system
Term
Leukemias
Definition
cancer of the blood forming organs - primarily bone marrow
Term
Transformation
Definition
process by which a normal cell becomes canerous
Term
Autonomy
Definition
cancer cells independence from normal cellular controls
Term
Anchorage independent
Definition
continue to divide even when suspended in agar gel
Term
Immortal
Definition
unlimited life span and division - most cancer cells
Term
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Definition
early pregnancy - helps maintain corpus luteum shape/ectopic secretion = during testicular cancer
Term
Acute Leukemia
Definition
undifferentiated, immature WBCs
Term
Chronic Leukemia
Definition
mature, normal appearing but non-functioning WBCs
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