Term
|
Definition
| proteins that mediate cellular reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate chemical stage. Has higher free energy than the initial reaction |
|
|
Term
Catalyst 3 properties
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
1. Increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy.
2. binds substrates that forms a trasient state.
3. changes the rate of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non protein cofactors at the active site. Act as electron acceptors |
|
|
Term
substrate specificity
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| the ability of an enzyme to discriminate between molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of enzymes to accept closely related substrates. involved in synthesis and degradation of polymers |
|
|
Term
IUB Enzyme Commission
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
1. Oxioreductase (oxidation-reduction)
2. Transferase (transfer functional group between molecules)
3. Hydrolase (hydrolytic cleavage of a molecule into two)
4. Lyase (removal or addition of a group to a molecule with rearrangement of electrons)
5. Isomerase (movement of function group within a molecule)
6. Ligase (joining of two molecules to form a single molecule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms capable of regulating body temperature independent of the environment |
|
|
Term
Lock and key model
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| Sees enzyme as a rigid structure with specific substrate fitting into active site. |
|
|
Term
Substrate activation
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
activates enzymes
1. bond distortion
2. proton transfer
3. electron transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rate of substrate conversion into products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability of increasingly higher substrate concentrations to increase the reaction velocity beyond a finite upper value |
|
|
Term
Michaelis Constant
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| concentration of substrate that gives half the maximum velocity |
|
|
Term
Michaelis Menten equation
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
V= Vmax[S]/(Km +[S])
relationship between velocity of an enzyme catalyzed reaction and the substrate concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum amount of energy that reactants must have to form product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| iron containing enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of amino acids that bind the substrate and catalytic events occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metal ions or small organic molecules. Derivatives of vitamins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of protein function and 3D shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substrate bends enzyme to fit |
|
|
Term
Initial reaction velocity (v)
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| rate of change in product concentration per unit of time |
|
|
Term
Substrate concentration [S]
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| loses acceleration as concentration increases |
|
|
Term
Maximum Velocity (Vmax)
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| upper limit of velocity. Increases with enzyme molecules |
|
|
Term
Turnover number (Kcat)
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| Rate at which substrate molecules are converted to a product by a single enzyme when the enzyme is operating at maximum velocity |
|
|
Term
Double reciprocal plot
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| (1/V) Vs. (1/[S]) Vmax determined directly from the reciprocal of the Y-intercept and Km from the negative reciprocal of the x-intercept. |
|
|
Term
Allosteric Effectors
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| organic molecule that regulates the activity of an enzyme for which it is neither the substrate nor the immediate product. |
|
|
Term
Irreversible inhibitor
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| binds to enzyme covalently causing permanent loss of catalytic activity. |
|
|
Term
Competitive inhibitor
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| binds to the active site of an enzyme and competes directly with the substrate. |
|
|
Term
feedback inhibition
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| prevents an enzyme from over producing a product |
|
|
Term
Allosteric Enzymes
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| increases or decreases the affinity of the enzyme for a substrate in turn increasing or decreasing activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site in which effector binds |
|
|
Term
Allosteric Inhibitor
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| shifts equilibrium to low affinity state. |
|
|
Term
Catalytic subunits
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple catalystic sites on an enzyme bind substrate molecules |
|
|
Term
Covalent modification
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| enzyme activity affected by the addition or removal of specific chemical groups via covalent bonding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of other enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of phosphate group from a phosphorylated protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive form of an enzyme that breaks down glycogen |
|
|
Term
Lineweaver- Burk equation
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
(1/v)=(Km/Vmax)(1/[S])+(1/Vmax)
Determines properites of Vmax |
|
|
Term
Eadie Hofstee equation
chap. 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Substrate analogues
chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| similar to substrate and can bind to enzyme, but does not create functional product. |
|
|
Term
Reversible inhibitor
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| binds to an enzyme noncovalently, bound forms of the inhibitor |
|
|
Term
Substrate- level regulation
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| regulation that depends directly onto he interaction of substrate and product with the enzyme. |
|
|
Term
Allosteric Activator
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| shifts the equilibrium to a high affinity state |
|
|
Term
Regulatory subunits
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| allosteric site of enzyme |
|
|
Term
Positive Vs. Negative Cooperativity
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| increase the affinity of other catalytic subunits for substrate vs. lowering affinity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The addition of phosphate groups |
|
|
Term
Protein Phosphatase
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| enzyme that removes a phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active form of an enzyme that breaks down glycogen by the addition of a phosphate group to serine. |
|
|
Term
Phosphorylase Kinase
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| breaks down glycogen and results in a conformational change of phosphorylase to the active form. |
|
|
Term
Phosphorylase Phosphatase
Chap.6 |
|
Definition
| stops glycogen break down by removing phosphates from the a form of phosphorylase |
|
|
Term
Proteolytic Cleavage
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| one time irreversible removal of a portion of the poly peptide chain by a protein degrading enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of Zymogen precursor to trypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the stomach that actives trypsin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a six string of amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pre-RNA molecule that catalyzes itself |
|
|
Term
Peptidyl transferase
Chap. 6 |
|
Definition
| found in rRNA of large ribosomal subunit. Catalyzes peptide bond formation during protein synthesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated by trypsinogen that activates other zymogens by proteolytic cleavage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any organ that secretes enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slightly larger enzymes that are catalytically inactive. Must be proteolytically cleaved to become active. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membrane bound protease that removes hexapeptides from the N-terminus of zymogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm in prokaryotes including mitochondria and chloroplasts. Large and small subunits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the passage of materials in and out of a cell. |
|
|
Term
Signal Transduction
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| specific mechansims used to transmit signal from the outer surface of the cell to the cell interior |
|
|
Term
Fluid Mosaic model
chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| 2 layers of lipids with proteins localized within and on the lipid layers, one inner & one outer membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that is both polar and non polar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranes have an inner and outer lipid layer with a polar heads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrophilic proteins that transverse membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common underlying structure of all cellular membranes |
|
|
Term
Integral Membrane proteins
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
Lipid- anchored proteins
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic proteins that are covalently attached to the surface of the membrane by covalently attached to lipid molecules inside the bilayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that contains a binding site for a specific signaling molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small particles and gasses that pass through the cell readily. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cell lacking organelles binding oxygen |
|
|
Term
Davson-Danielli Model
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Trilaminar Staining pattern
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| railroad track pattern of bilayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degrades phospholipids by removing heaad. |
|
|
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic, located on the surface of the membrane. Linked non covalently to polar membranes |
|
|
Term
Transmembrane segments
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| anchor protein to the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common in Eukaryote membranes, but rare in prokaryote cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| component of all membrane lipids except the sterols |
|
|
Term
Transverse diffusion
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| protein move from inner layer to outer layer or vice versa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement along the long axis of phospholipid molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein in smooth ER that catalyzes transverse diffusion |
|
|
Term
Fluorescence Recovery
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| High intensity laser bleaches a dye in the membrane proteins of a cell. Demonstrates lateral diffusion in the membrane |
|
|
Term
Transition Temperature (Tm)
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| temperature in which membrane transitions from solid to fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of lateral heterogeneity within a membrane monolayer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholesterol binding protein . |
|
|
Term
Freeze Fracturing
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| lipid bilayer is frozen quickly then shattered. Splitting the membrane in two. |
|
|
Term
Integral Monotopic Proteins
chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| integral protein that is inbedded in one side of the bilayer |
|
|
Term
Singlepass Proteins
chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| Transmembrane protein that passes through the bilayer once |
|
|
Term
Multisubunit Proteins
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| protein that passes through the bilayer multiple times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pore-forming transmembrane protein found in outer membrane of bacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 14 carbon fatty acid that anchors membrane proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 15-carbon, that modifies soluble cytosol proteins with the addition of 5- carbon isoprenyl groups |
|
|
Term
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| ionic detergent that allows integral membrane proteins to be isolated, fractionated and analyzed with electrophoresis. |
|
|
Term
Coomassie Brilliant Blue
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| dye that binds to polypeptides and makes them visible. |
|
|
Term
Lateral Diffusion
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| diffusion across a membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when strong light is used to bleach fluorescent markers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in lipids from solid to liquid. |
|
|
Term
Cis. Vs. Trans fat
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| cis, R-groups on same side unsaturated. Trans, R-groups on opposite side more similar to saturated fats, increases transition temperature and decreases membrane fluidity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes on lipid rafts that generate second messengers within the cell by catalyzing the phosphorylation of specific substances. |
|
|
Term
Integral Membrane proteins
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| proteins that are embedded in and protrude from one side of the bilayer. |
|
|
Term
Transmembrane proteins
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| protein that spans the whole membrane and protrudes through both sides. |
|
|
Term
Multipass Proteins
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| proteins that cross the membrane several times. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmembrane segments arranged as a beta sheet in the form of a closed beta sheet. Prominent in a group of pore forming transmembrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins bound to the inner surface of the plasma membrane attached by covalent link to a fatty acid or isoprene derivative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 16 carbon acid that anchors membrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cation binding agent that helps degrade peripheral protein with the addition of urea or removing calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way of separating proteins based on size and charge by applying an electric field through a porous medium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process that identifies polypeptides. |
|
|
Term
X-ray crystallography
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| way to determine the structure of an isolate protein's crytalline form |
|
|
Term
Hydrophobicity Plot
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| a way to determine the number and position of transmembrane segments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses radioactive molecules that bind to specific proteins because of known functions of the proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purified proteins mixed together with phospholipids to form liquid-filled membrane vesicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of carbohydrate side chain to a protein. |
|
|
Term
O-linked glycosylation
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| linking to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group. |
|
|
Term
Cell Fusion Experiments
chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| proved the mobility of membrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
Hydropathic Analysis
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| Method of predicting amino acid sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| averages the hydrophobicity of amino acids in a segment of membrane. |
|
|
Term
Membrane Reconstitution
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| formation of artificial membrane from specific purified components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of determining nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. |
|
|
Term
Site- directed mutagensis
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| used to determine the effect of changing specific amino acids in a protein. |
|
|
Term
N-linked Glycosylation
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| carbohydrates attached tot he amino group of asparagine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbohydrate groups of plasma membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids protrude from the cell surface and form a surface coat. |
|
|
Term
Fluorescent antibodies
Chap. 7 |
|
Definition
| coloring antibodies to distinguish between two groups. |
|
|
Term
Selective Permeability
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Prevents all solutes from freely moving in and out of a a membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulk transfer of substances out of a cell. |
|
|
Term
Membrane transport
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| ability to move ion and organic molecules across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
Transport Proteins
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| integral membrane proteins that recognize substances with great specificity and speed their movement across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of solutes against the concentration gradient. ATP driven. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pores that allow transport of water and ions to enter and leave the cell rapidly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement in water in response to difference in solute concentration. (side of lower concentration to side of higher concentration). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small vesicles consisting of closed spherical bilayer devoid of membrane proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solution with same solute concentration inside and out of a cell. No net movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ions that balance the charges and contribute to intracellular osmolarity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a cell is in a hypertonic solution, causing the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that bind solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pores formed by transmembrane proteins that allow selected hydrophilic molecules to diffuse across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when two solutes are transported simultaneously. Cannot transport without each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bulk transport of substrates into the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of solutes from cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| happens when membrane is permeable to molecules of dissolved solute. net movement of soluble molecules goes from high to low. |
|
|
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| if process exergonic solute diffuses in the direction dictated by the concentration gradient with no input of energy. |
|
|
Term
concentration Gradient
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| movement of a molecule that has no net charge. |
|
|
Term
Electrochemical potential
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| movement of an ion which is the sum or combined of effect of its concentration gradient and charge gradient. |
|
|
Term
Membrane potential (Vm)
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| active transport of ion across a membrane that creates a charge gradient. |
|
|
Term
Partition Coefficient
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| measure of polarity. Ratio of solubility of organic solvent to the solubility in water. |
|
|
Term
Hypertonic Solution
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Solute concentration higher than inside the cell |
|
|
Term
Hypotonic solution
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Solute concentration lower than inside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inward movement of water into cells. Results in a firmness. |
|
|
Term
Shell of hydration
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| relative impermeability of polar substances due to strong association with water. |
|
|
Term
Alternating conformation Model
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| carrier protein is allosteric and alternates between two conformational states. Solute binding is open o on one side. Triggering the release on the other side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carrier protein transports a single solute across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two solutes are moved in the same direction. |
|
|
Term
Anion Exchanged Protein
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| facilitates bicarb and chloride ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
Carbonic Anhydrase
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| converts CO2 into bicarbonate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pore lined with hydrophilic atoms |
|
|
Term
Voltage-gated Channels
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| open and close in response to changes in membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Closed cylindirical porin formed from beta sheets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active transport moved solute across membrane in one direction. |
|
|
Term
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| fatal disease caused by genetic defects in a transport protein in the plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Protein that is not encoded by patients with defective CF gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transport protein driven by ATP hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
Multidrug resistance transport protein
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| uses ATP to pump hydrophobic drugs out of cells. Decreasing effectiveness. Found in tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flow of proton down their gradient to drive ATP synthesis |
|
|
Term
Na/Glucose Symporter
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Transport mechanism that requires the inward uptake of glucose simultaneously with 2 sodium ions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Solutes move in opposite direction across membrane |
|
|
Term
Glucose Transporter
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Carrier proteins in the plasma membrane. Allow glucose to enter the cell 50,000X's faster than diffusion. |
|
|
Term
Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Antiport protein. Allows reciprocal exchange of chloride and bicarbonate. Facilitated diffusion. |
|
|
Term
Transmembrane Channels
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Hydrophilic channel that allows specific solutes to move across the membrane directly. |
|
|
Term
Ligand Gated Channel
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Triggered by bind of specific substances to the channel protein. |
|
|
Term
Mechansensitive Channel
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| respond to mechanic forces |
|
|
Term
Pumps (active Transport)
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| Move solutes up a concentration gradient or against electrochemcial potential. |
|
|
Term
Direct Active Transport
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| transport dependent upon exdergonic chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal space of a membrane. |
|
|
Term
Na/K ATPase (pump)
Chap. 8 |
|
Definition
| driving forces for sugar and amino acid uptake. Na symport with other solute. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proton pump found in plasma membrane of halophilic archaea. Uses light energy for active transport. Power synthesis of ATP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Engulf nutrients and obtain energy from oxidative breakdown of sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical reactions within a cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of cellular constituents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxygen required for catabolism. |
|
|
Term
Energetic Coupling
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphate group linked to ribose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound that links adenine and ribose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water used to break phosphoanhydride bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Resonance Stabilization
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| Most stable configuration when electrons are delocalized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| addition of electrons. Endergonic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| electron acceptor. Coenzyme involved in energy metabolism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtains energy from light |
|
|
Term
Metabolic Pathways
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| Overall metabolism of a cell. |
|
|
Term
Catabolic Pathways
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| break down of cellular constituents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phosphoanhydride bond
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| Phosphate groups linked together. |
|
|
Term
Adenosine Disphosphate (ADP)
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repulsion of like charges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average of two contributing structures. |
|
|
Term
Group Transfer reaction
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| movement of chemical group between molecules. |
|
|
Term
Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism
chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| reaction in which cells cataBOLIZE NUTRIENTs AND CONSERVE AS ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the addition of hydrogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 main energy source for cells. |
|
|
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| respiration in the presence of oxygen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrons removed during glucose oxidation. |
|
|
Term
Alcoholic Fermentation
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Obligate anaerobes
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| organisms that cannot use oxygen as an electron acceptor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anaerobic process that breaks down oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general level of oxidation of cellular components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| alternative reaction that circumvents the three glycolitic reactions. |
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Term
Spatial regulation
Chap. 9 |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme in saliva that splits starch into smaller polysaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disaccharide generated from starch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Anaerobic respiration
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| Respiration without oxygen |
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Term
Lactate Fermentation
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| anaerobic process that terminates in lactate. transfer of electrons from NADH to the carbonyl group of pyruvate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that use oxygen as an electron acceptor |
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Term
Facultative organisms
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| organisms that function in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. |
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Term
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| ATP generated by transfer of high energy phosphate group to ADP from phosphorylated substrate. |
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Term
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
Temporal Regulation
Chap. 9 |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down sucrose |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic defect in which there is an inability to metabolise galactose. Resulting in mental retardation. |
|
|
Term
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
| regulator of glycolysis and glycogenesis. |
|
|
Term
Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phosphoglycoisomerase role in metastasis
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Lactose Intolerance
Chap. 9 |
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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