Term
| what are the two requirements for a cell to evolve a trait? |
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Definition
trait must be HERITABLE - must be on the genetic level; otherwise it won't get passed down
and PHENOTYPICAL - result in a physical difference, or else it will get passed down but be "silent" |
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Term
| by what two things are cellular evolution constrained? |
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Definition
1. highly conserved mechanisms - if EVERY cell does it, an alternative won't get off the ground
2. EMBEDMENT - you'll have defined pathways that's it's hard to break without killing the organism - so never really get a chance to try new things |
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Term
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Definition
| when a path doesn't depend on other paths or vice versa - allowing you to fiddle with something and not kill the cell (i.e. there are many ways a thing could get done, so you are free to experiment and screw up) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the cell is built to change/adapt on an individual structural basis - allowing it to spend time in different environments (i.e. adaptive immunity) --> EPIGENETICS |
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Term
| compartmentalization/redundancy |
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Definition
COMPARTMENTALIZATION: when different processes happen isolated from each other, so a mutation in one won't affect the other
REDUNDANCY: multiples of the same process are carried out, so in the case of an unsuccessful mutation in one of them the other will do its job |
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Term
| __________ our cells have the same genotype, with the exception of ___________. |
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Definition
| ALL our cells have the same genotype, with the exception of the sex cells |
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Term
| what is the one exception to the rule of all cells having DNA as central dogma? |
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Definition
| some viruses have RNA which they turn into DNA when they take over a cell |
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Term
| differences between the morphogeneses of a cell |
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Definition
depends on the proteins that are synthesized
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Term
| what determines spontaneous membrane/cell formation? |
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Definition
- temperature
- ampiphile concentration
- pH
- ionic content |
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Term
| support for the idea that mitochondia/choloplasts got into the cell by endosymbiosis |
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Definition
- they replicate on their own and split like prokaryotes
- they have their own (circular) DNA
- they have their own ribosomes
- antibiotics block thier division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| building blocks of loose connective tissue (bone, cartilage, adipose tissue) |
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Term
| granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes |
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Definition
| white blood cells (contrast erythrocytes, which are white blood cells) |
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Term
| why are cells arranged into different kinds of tissues in the body? |
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Definition
| there's an advantage in specializing |
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Term
| what are some advantages to cells that specialize? |
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Definition
1. escape from predators (bigger)
2. can increase surface area without correspondingly increasing size as much
3. allows for specialization, which decreases the amount of resources you have to spend on each cell (i.e. one flagella, which uses a lot of energy, can serve for all the cells) |
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