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cellbio exam 1
cellular respiration
15
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/18/2012

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Term
proton-motive force
Definition
the movement of H+ back into the matrix during the electron transport chain/oxydative phosphorylation
Term
prosthetic groups
Definition
the components of the proteins in the electron transport chain; contain trace metals
Term
cytochrome C and coenzyme Q
Definition
shuttle the electrons from one protein in the electron transport chain to the next
Term
protein that generates ATP by letting H+ back into the matrix
Definition

ATP synthase

- f-class transport

- has two subunits: F0 is the channel, F1 is the catalytic subunit (actually generates the ATP)

Term
why does NADH generate more ATP than FADH2?
Definition
both of them work by becoming oxydized and donating their electrons to the electron transport chain, which in turn generates energy to push H+ into the intermembrane space. FADH2 comes in later in the cycle; therefore it only generates 2ATP while NADH generates 3ATP
Term
Boyer's binding-change mechanism
Definition

theory as to how ATPsynthase works

 

- F1 has 3 pockets, which squish phosphate and ADP together as they rotate. When they have rotated 120 degrees it has used 4 protons -- ergo, 4 protons make 1 ATP

Term
how are fats converted to energy?
Definition
the glycerol backbone is broken down in glycolysis; the fatty acid chains become acetyl CoA 
Term
how do proteins get turned into energy?
Definition
like fatty acids, they become acetyle CoA
Term
catabolism
Definition
energy generated from the breakdown of organic molecules
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition

basically reverse glycolysis to generate glucose in an emergency

- happens in the liver

- need a lot of ATP to do this; sacrificing energy

Term
nitrogen fixation
Definition
the trick some bacteria use to get their nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen
Term
how does one make nonessential amino acids?
Definition
through the breakdown of glucose; the products can be converted to amino acids
Term
phenylketonuria
Definition
a disease that results from the buildup of one sort of amino acid when there is a deficiency of the enzyme that converts it into a different amino acid
Term
how does one aquire nucleotides? (3)
Definition

- synthesized from carbohydrates/amino acids

- aquired from dietary sources

- reused after nucleic acid breakdown

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