Cytoplasm

jelly like material with organelles in it.

• cell membrane if organelles are removed
• soluble part left over
• mainly water with dissolved substances like amino acids

• control center
• largest organelle
• contains DNA

• deoxyribonucleic acid
• contains all info. for cell to live, perform, reproduce
• made of chromosomes

• inside nucleus
• makes ribosomes

• circles on surface of nucleus
• where chromosomes and other materials move in and out of cell

• membrane enclosed
• distributed through cytosol of eukaryotic cells
• coverts potential energy of food molecules into ATP
• different amount for each cell
• more work more mito.
• less work less mito.

• outer membrane: encloses structure
• inner membrane: encloses fluid filled matrix
• between: intermembrane space
• inner membrane:folded with cristae

• network of membranes though cytoplasm
• two type:

1. rough (with ribosomes) (most protein synthesis occurs)
2. smooth (w/o ribosomes) (synthesizes lipids & helps in detox. of harmful substances in cell)

• sorts and ships proteins
• correctly sends proteins to right "Address"
• important in Portein synthesis

• made of 2 subunints (large and small)
• both units with RNA, makes proteins
• found in cytoplasm or ER
• attatched to RE: make proten that the cell needs and ones to be exported outside of cell

• stores and transports products made in cell
• "transport and delivery vehicle"
• deliver to cell
• deliver outside cell "exocytosis"

• recycling compartment
• received celular and endocytosed proteins and lipds that need digesting

DNA to RNA:

• transription
• in nucleus/nucleolus
• everything is copied

RNA to Protein

• translation
• rough ER/Ribosomes
• protein synthesis
• (info. is made into your own)

• photosynthesis takes place here
• light energy into chemical energy
• plant cells only
• chemical energy makes carbs. like starch which are stored in plant
• have pigments called chlorophylls (trap light energy from cell)

• Protects cell contents
• permeable (selective though)
• gives plant rigidity
• give proous medium for curculation and distribition of water, minerals, and other small nutrients molecules

• aka plasma membtrane
• "selectivly permeable"
• controls exchange of materials like nutriends and waste betwen cells and their environment

• AKA plasma membrane
• "selectivly permeable
• controls exchange of materials like nutrients/waste between cells & environment
• made of phospholipds

hydrophollic head

• water liking
• polar

Hydrophobic Tails[image]

• water fearing
• non-polar

a phosphate gorup replaces one of the 3 fatty acids normally found on a lipid

this addition makes a polar head nonpolar tail

• 2 layers of phospholipds with hydrophobic tails protected by the hydrophillic heads
• basic structure of membance

Fluid Mosaic Model

• cell memtrane also contains proteins in the Phosphlipid bilater

Fluid: b/c individual phospholipds and proteins move around freely in layer

mosaic: b/c pattern made is seen from above

• lipid bilayer is not solid but liquid (oil)
• lipids dont dissolve in water (border around cell)
• stable b/c hunger of water for hydrogen bonding doesn't stop
• hydrogen bonding of water holds the wall membrane together

• interior is non-polar therefore repels water-soluble molecules
• small polar and hydrophobic molecules can  pass through
• large polar or charged ions cant

• some membranes are more fluid
• less fluid: non-polar tails that attract e/o (line up closer) (saturated tail)
• more fluid: hace one or more double bonds that make kinds (therefore do not line up close) (unsaturated tail)

• allows membrane to funtion in various temps.
• high temp: maintains rigidy in membrane bilayer
• low temp. keeps membtrane fluid flexible and funtional (prevents celld death)

1. Diffusion & Faciliated Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Active Transport
4. Bulk Tranport

• movement of molecules from an area of high conc. to low conc.
• down a concentration gradient
• kinetic energy
• diffusion results in equilibrium (evenly spread out no net movement)
• passive (no energy used)

1. steepness of conc. gradient.

• bigger the difference between both sides the quicker the diffusion

2. Temp.

• high temp - more kinetic energy there molecules move faster

3. Surface Area

• more SA faster diffusion
• b/c molecules can cross membrane at any one moment

4. Type molecule or ion diffusion

• large molecule: more energy needed (slow diffusion)
• non-polar: diffuse easier then polar b/c they are soluble in the non-polar phospholipid tails

1. Oxygen

• non polar
• diffuses quick

2. Carbon Dioxide

• polar but small
• therefore diffuses quick

3. Water

• polar but small
• therefore diffuses quick

• large polar molecules and charged ions use this
• they pass through protein channels
• passive

• diffusion of water from an area of high conc. (high water potential) to an area of low conc. (low water potential)
• low soluble to high soluble
• high water to low water
• passive

• active transport proteins use energy to pump a molecule in our out of cell
• uses energy
• uses protein

endocytosis

• molecule causes membrane to bulge inwards (makes vesicles)

Phagocytosis

• cell is engulfed

Pinocytosis

• external fluid is engulfed

Receptor mediated endocytosis

• material to be tranported binds to certain specific molecules in membrane

• opposite of endocytosis
• large molecules made in cell are released through cell membrane

• shrinks
• outside (high conc) inside (low conc)
• water move out

• grows
• inside (high conc) outside (low conc.)
• water moves in

• cell normal
• inside = outside
• water inside = outide

5.Describe the chemical makeup and type of bonding found in water molecules.

Water is made up of…

•  2 hydrogen atoms
• 1 oxygen atom
• Polar covalent bonds
• Asymmetrical structure
•  Highly polar molecule

6.Explain why the hydrogen and oxygen atoms don’t share electrons equally in water molecules.

Hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.1 and oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.5 therefore because oxygen is more electronegative then hydrogen the oxygen the oxygen attracts the electron pair on the bond to itself.

Polar compound have uneven pull

example is water