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Cell structure, Membranes and proteins
Chapter 6
92
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2013

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Term
What is Cell Theory?
Definition
The theory that all cells are related by their descent from ealrlier cells.
Term
What is magnification?
Definition
The ratio of an object's image size to its real size.
Term
What is resolution?
Definition
The measure of the clarity of the image.
Term
What is contrast?
Definition
The visible differences in the parts of the sample.
Term
What is the smallest unit of life?
Definition
Cell
Term
How many power magnification can Light Microsopes go up to?
Definition
1000
Term
What microscope would you use to view organelles?
Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Term
What is a scanning electron microsope used to view?
Definition
The surfaces of a specimen.
Term
What is cell fractionation?
Definition
The process of taking cells apart and separating the major organelles from each other.
Term
What does cell fractionation allow biologists to determine?
Definition
The functions of organelles.
Term
What are the 2 types of cells?
Definition
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
Term
What Domains of life have Prokaryotic cells?
Definition
Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria
Term
What are 4 basic features of all cells?
Definition

Plasma membrane

semifluid substance called cytosol (cytoplasm)

chromosomes

ribosomes

Term
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by ?
Definition

No nucleous
DNA in an unbound region called nucleoid
no membrane bound organelles

cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

Term
Which are larger cells Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cells?
Definition
Eukaryotic
Term
What is the general structure of a biological membrane?
Definition
A double layer of phospholipids.
Term
Do plant and animal cells have most of the same organelles?
Definition
Yes
Term
Which type of microscope is used to view mitochondria?
Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Term
What provides a barrier between extracellular space and intracellular space?
Definition

Cell Membrane

(Also called plasma membrane)

Term
What is another name for cytoplasm?
Definition
cytosol
Term
What are all internal organelles suspended in?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
Where is nearly all of the cell's DNA & RNA?
Definition
Inside the nucleous.
Term
What is called the "brain" of the cell?
Definition
The nucleous.
Term
What organelle controls cell functions?
Definition
Nucleous
Term
Where is RNA made?
Definition
Inside the nucleous
Term
What encloses the nucleous, separating it from the cytoplasm?
Definition
nuclear envelope
Term
What regulate the entry and exit of molocules from the nucleous?
Definition
Pores
Term
What maintains the shape of the nucleus?
Definition
Nuclear lamina
Term
What is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis?
Definition
nucleolus
Term
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Definition

46

(23 pairs)

Term
What organelle is the site of cellular respiration?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
What is cellular respiration?
Definition
A metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
Term
What do Mitochondria do?
Definition
Convert chemical energy from food (glucose) to ATP energy that cells can use.
Term
Which types of animal cells would you expect to have many mitochondria?
Definition
Muscle cells
Term
What are the cristae?
Definition
Infoldings of mitochondria
Term
Do mitochondria have their own DNA?
Definition
Yes
Term
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Definition
That over time, free-living mitochondrian ancestors were engulfed by cells, and became symbiotes. Eventually evolving to become only engergy producers.
Term
What types of life would you find the organelles of chrolorplasts within?
Definition
plants and algae.
Term
What pigment is contained in Chloroplasts?
Definition
Chlorophyll
Term
Do Chloroplasts have their own DNA?
Definition
Yes, it is circular.
Term
What organelle is essential for photosynthesis?
Definition
Chloroplasts
Term
What kind of energy do Chrlorplasts capture?
Definition
Sunlight
Term
What is the definition of a cell wall?
Definition
Rigid layer that surrounds a plant/fungi cell membrane.
Term
What is a cell wall made of?
Definition
cellulose embedded in other polysaccharides and protein.
Term
Are plants the only organisms that have cell walls?
Definition
No
Term
What kinds of organisms have cell walls?
Definition

Plants

fungi

some bacteria

some protists

Term
What are 3 functions of a cell wall?
Definition

protects the cell

maintains cell shape

prevents excessive uptake of water

Term
What causes the "rough" in the name rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
ribosomes
Term
What function does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum serve?
Definition
Contains enzymes that perform carbohydrate and lipid sysnthesis
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum synthesizes lipids?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum metabolizes carbohydrates?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum detoxifies drugs and poison?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum stores Ca+ Ions?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is important for nerve responses?
Definition
Smooth ER
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum secretes glycoproteins?
Definition
Rough ER
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum distrubutes transport vesicles?
Definition
Rough ER
Term
What part of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is a membrane factor for the cell?
Definition
Rough ER
Term
What does the Golgi apparatus consist of?
Definition
flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
Term
What organelle modifies, packages & sorts materials and delivers them to different parts of the cell & out of the cell?
Definition
Golgi Apparatus
Term
What organelle releases materials outside of the cell?
Definition
Golgi Apparatus
Term
What does the Cis Face of the Golgi Apparatus do?
Definition
Receives vesicles from the Endoplasmic reticulum.
Term
What are ribosomes made from?
Definition
ribosomal RNA and protein
Term
Where can ribosomes reside?
Definition

Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and

bound ribosomes in the Endoplasmic reticulum

Term
What do ribosomes manufacture?
Definition
Proteins
Term
The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the what?
Definition
ribosomes
Term
What do lysosomes contain?
Definition
enzymes needed for intracellular digestion
Term
What is the function of lysosomes?
Definition
digest excess or worn out organelles, food and bacteria
Term
What is phagocytosis?
Definition
One cell engulfing another cell, forming a food vacuole.
Term
How does a lysosome digest food?
Definition
It fuses with a food vacuole and releases enzymes to digest the molocules.
Term
What does a peroxisome do?
Definition

Removes hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfers them to oxygen.

Produces H2O2 as a byproduct and converts to water.

Term
What do cilia and flagella do?
Definition
assist in locomotion of the cell
Term
What are vacuoles?
Definition
storage areas for the cell
Term
What are 3 kinds of vacuoles?
Definition
Food, contractile and central
Term
What is the function of contractile vacuoles?
Definition
to "pump" excess water out of the cell
Term
What is the function of the central vacuole in plants?
Definition
Storehouse for water and organic compounds
Term
What is the cytoskeleton?
Definition
a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
Term
What are the 3 types of molecular structures that make up the cytoskeleton?
Definition

microtubules

microfilaments

Intermediate filaments 

Term
How does the cytoskeleton help produce motility?
Definition
It intereacts with motor proteins
Term
How do vesicles travel inside a cell?
Definition
along "monorails" provided by the cytoskeleton
Term
What makes up microtubules?
Definition
Tubulin polymers
Term
What makes up microfilaments?
Definition
Actin filaments
Term
What makes up Intermediate filaments?
Definition
Keratins
Term
What is the diameter of microtubules?
Definition
25 nm
Term
What componenet of the cytoskeleton control the beating of cilia and flagella?
Definition
microtubules
Term
What motor protein drives the bending movements of a cilium?
Definition
dynein
Term
describe microfilaments
Definition
solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits
Term
Microfilaments that function in cellular motility contain what protein?
Definition
myosin
Term
How are actin filaments arranged in muscle cells?
Definition
parallel to each other
Term
What are pseudopodia?
Definition
cellular extensions (think amoeba eating)
Term
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
Definition
a circular flow of cytoplsm within cells
Term
What is the size of intermediate filaments?
Definition

8-12 nm

larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules

Term
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Definition
support cell shape and fix organelles in place
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