"protein packaging plant"

packages the ribosomes

The factory where the proteins are made, comes right off the nucleus, contains ribosomes.

-stores

-seperates

-serves

(as cells transport system)

where Energy is made

(energy producing reactions take place in the Cristae)

makes proteins

"protein factories"

little vacules that digest waste.

transports waste to the cell membrane for removal.

-Microtubules

-Microfilaments

-make stuff

-reproduce themselves

"Power Plant" of the cell

where energy is produced

Movement of Molecules

molecules move randomly away from the area where they are MOST concentrated.

(spread out evenly/distribute evenly

particles reach uniform concentration by means of their spontaneous kinetic energy.

*Lipid soluable molecules (O2,Carbon dioxide, alcohol, fatty acids) can diffuse across the membrane in order to make uniform concentrations of what it wants.

the movement of water from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser concentration

*Depends on particle concentration*

-water wants to be "evenly distributed" the more particles, the more water!

In Osmosis, WATER FOLLOW SOLTUES!

what is the "pull" of the particles called?

oncotic or

colloid osmotic

a vacuole forms!

(to get in/out of the cell)

-Non-lipid solublethat need help through the membrane

-They combine w/ a carrier protein and are carried across

 (helps drag something in/out of cell)

*Carrier protein = an actual chemical bond takes place *Pinocytosis = no chemical bond just passing its way in the molecule

moving something in/ or against the gradient

-results in uniform concentration

-cell processes require uneven concentrations in order to be carried out

-high concentrations of K+ are needed to carry out intercellular processes

-Primary

-Secondary

-the energy created by primary active transport is harnessed used to facilitate the transport of a second substance

-usually involves sodium because large Na+ gradients occur frequently in normal metabolism.

Secondary Active Transport

(2 kinds)

Co-transport

Counter-transport

-takes place by a messenger (neurotransmitters, proteins ect)

-a messenger molecule attaches to receptor proteins on the cell surface

-receptors span the cell membrane

Signal Transduction = the message is converted and moved across the membrane to effect a change within the cell.

*can be up/down according to your needs.

*up regulation = more receptors are present when low levels of messengers are available

*down regulation = few receptors are available when high levels of messengers are present

(as in Thyroid levels)

-G-protein linked receptors

-Enzyme linked receptors

-Ion channel linked receptors

rapid synaptic signaling

(neurotransmitters)

"Second Messenger"

its a 2 step process to create some sort of internal response.

Ion Channels

when you need change fast!)

-rapid ion exchange is needed for cellular processes

-the electrical change of ions such as Na+ and K+ make it difficult for these to pass through the lipd membrane

-special protein channels span the width of the lipid

 membrane (to allow these to pass through quickly.

-the proteins undergo conformational changes to form open channels for the selected ion.

The process that provides fuel for cellular processes.

*Converts (protein, carbs & fats to ATP)

The basis for Anaerobic metabolism

*uses 2 molecules of ATP

*creates 4 ATP

& pyruvic acid

(a little is ok but..)

Pyruvic acid builds up & turns to LACTIC acid.....TOXIC!

AEROBIC

Citric acid cycle is a big producer of what??

ATP

"energy"

T or F

Aerobic creates a greater amount of energy?

-nerve and muscle tissue

-changing electrical gradients cause cell functions

*glandular release of hormones

*muscle movement

*neurological functions

1) chemical activity (neurotransmitters)

2) electric activity (change in ion concentration)

3) physical activity (direct stimulation)

-cells begin with a negative charge, resting potential

-Stimulus causes Na+ channels to open up

-Na+ diffuses in making cell more positive.

-at the threshold potential, more Na+ channels open up.

-Na+ rushes in, makes cell very positive! (depolarization)

-action potential responds by contracting the action WILL occur!

K+ channels open

K+ diffuses out making the cell negative again (repolarization)

Na+/K+ pump removes the Na+ from the cell and pumps the K+ back in

No Acetylcholine

what's this mean?

no Acetylcholinesterase