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Cell Structure and Function
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41
Biology
12th Grade
01/26/2014

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Term
Cell Theory
Definition

1. Cells are the structural unit of life

2. Cells are the functional unit of life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Term
Organization of Living Things
Definition
Atom-Compound-Cells-Tissue-Organ-System-Organism
Term
Structure indicates function
Definition
The structure of a cell is designed to preform a specific function
Term
Prokaryotic Cells
Definition

-Bacteria and Blue-Green Algae

-No organized nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

-Unicellular

Term
Eukaryotic Cells
Definition

-Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists

-Have an organized nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

-Usually multicellular

Term
Cell Membrane
Definition

-Outer boundary of cell

-Living, dynamic structure

-Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell and the rate(Selectively Permeable)

-Made of a double layer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules "floating" in it

Term
Kinetic Theory of Matter
Definition

1. All matter is in constant motion

2. The motion is random

Term
Diffusion
Definition

-The net movement of molecules in a given space from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

-Continues until equilibrium is reached

-Effected by: Concentration gradient, size of molecules, temperature and pressure

Term
Phospholipids
Definition

-Act as a barrier and regulate the rate of diffusion of some molecules

-Only small uncharged molecules such as oxygen can easily diffuse through the cell membrane

 

Term
Channel Proteins (Protein Molecule)
Definition

-Doughnut-shaped channels through the cell membrane

-Act as a passageway for specific molecules

-Small polar molecules and ions pass through these channels (Ex. K+ ions)

Term
Carrier Proteins (
Definition
  • regulate the transport of materials; that is, "carry" them through the cell membrane
  • Polar molecules can't diffuse freely through the cell membrane due to the hydrophobic nature of the lipids within it
Term
Receptor Proteins
Definition

-Have a specific shape that "fits" certain molecules

-Triggers a response inside the cell

-Ex. Hormones

Term
Marker Proteins
Definition

-Long external arms that identify the cell as part of you

-What your immune system notices. 

Term
Homeostasis
Definition

-Cells try to maintain a constant internal environment


Term
Osmosis
Definition

-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Term
Hypertonic Solution
Definition

-Contains a higher concentration of water (the "solevent") inside the cell. Therefore the concentration of 'solute' would be greater than the cell contents

-Net movement is out of the cell

Term
Hypotonic Solution
Definition

-Contains a greater concentration of water than the cell. The concentration of solute would be less than the cell contents

-Net movement of water is into the cell

Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition

-The concentration is equal inside of and outside of the cell

-Net movement is zero

-The cell is in equilibrium

Term
Plasmolysis(Plant Cell)
Definition

-Cell membrane shrinks due to lack of water

Term
Turgor Pressure(Plant Cell)
Definition

-Cell wall bulges due to presence of water

Term
Plasmolysis(Animal Cell)
Definition

-Cell shrinks due to lack of water

Term
Cytolysis(Animal Cells)
Definition

-Cell ruptures due to too much water

Term
Passive Transport
Definition

-No cellular energy required

-Move with the concentration gradient

-Ex. Osmosis and Diffusion

Term
Active Transport
Definition

-Cellular energy required

-Move against the concentration gradient

Term
Endocytosis(Active Transport)
Definition

-cell membrane surrounds a substance and pinches off to form a vacuole

a)Pinocytosis-liquids

b)Phagocytosis-solids

Term
Exocytosis(Active Transport)
Definition

-A vacuole containing waste moves to the surface, opens up and releases its contents

Term
Contractile Vacuole
Definition

-a pump that removes excess water in some single-celled freshwater organisms such as paramecium

Term
Proton Pump
Definition

-Pump H+ ions through membranes in chloroplasts and mitochondria against the concentration gradient

-This sets up a difference in the concentration of  H+ ions. 

-All energy produced in photosynthesis and most energy produced in cellular respiration come from this process

Term
Sodium-Potassium Pumps
Definition

-The most energy intesive process in cells

-Uses ATP to transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

-Creates an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane that is essential to conduct impulses along nerve cells 

Term
Nucleus
Definition

-Controls most cell activity

-Transmits hereditary information

-Directs the process of protein synthesis

Term
Nuclear Membrane
Definition

-Surrounds the nucleus

-Structure is the same as the cell membrane

-Continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

-Regulates the exchange of materials into and out of the nucleus

Term
Nucleolus
Definition

-Found in nucleus

-Builds "sub-units" of ribsomes that are assembled in the cytoplasm

Term
Cytoplasm
Definition

-Everything between the cell membrane and nucleus

-Contains organelles

-Constantly moving, Known as cytoplasmic streaming. Distributes materials through the cell

Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition

-Series of channels for internal transport

A)Rough ER- Contain ribsomes on the surface

B)Smooth ER- no ribsomes

Term
Ribosomes
Definition

-Site for protein synthesis. Assemble amino acids into proteins based on directions sent from the nucleus

-Proteins built by ribosomes on the Rough ER are transported out of the cell

-Proteins built by free ribosomes stay inside the cell

Term
Golgi Bodies
Definition

-Modify and package proteins to be secreted from the cell Ex hormones

-Some packages stay in the cell Ex. lysosomes

Term
Mitochondria
Definition

-Center for cellular respiration

-Release energy from food molecules to make ATP

-Contain enzymes that break down organic molecules

Term
Plastids
Definition

-Found mostly in plants and algae

A)Leucoplast-stores food

B)Chromoplast-stores pigment

C)Chloroplast-food production(Photosynthesis)

Term
Vacuoles
Definition

-bubble-like structures that contain food, water or waste

-Bounded by a membrane

Term
Lysosomes
Definition

-Contain digestive enzymes that break down large molecules

-Formed by golgi bodies

Term
Microtubules
Definition

-Hollow cylinders of protein that form the framework of the cell called the cytoskeleton

Examples:

-Spindle Fibers:Seperate chromosomes during cell divison

-Centrioles:Create an anchor for spindle fibers

-Cilia:Short hair-like structures used for movement in various organisms 

-Flagellum:Whip-like tail used for movement in some organisms

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