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| in plants this place is where sugars produced by photosynthesis are broken down and converted into ATP. |
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Cell walls of plants extrecellular matrix of animal cells
intercellular juntions |
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| This place is in charge of Protien processing, metabolic activities, and the cel1s network of internal membrainces |
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| a network of fibers extending through out the cystoplams ,this is composed of micortubles ,microfilaments and intermediate filaments It is the structural framework of the cell. |
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| type of valcuole formed by phagocytosis |
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| found in many fresh water protisis , used to pump excess water out of the cells |
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| type of vacuoles found in many mature plants cells they hold organic compounds and water |
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| type of vacuoles found in many mature plants cells they hold organic compounds and water |
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| type of vacuoles found in many mature plants cells they hold organic compounds and water |
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| membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolucules , it breaks down macromoulcules using digestive enzymes and are not found in plant cells |
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| the sticky coat that holds the cells together and is made of glycoprotiens such as collagen and filononectin |
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| the functions of this are digestion , storage , waste disposal , water balance , cell growth and protection. |
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| visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses |
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| 3 important paramters in microscopy and what they mean. |
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maginfication- ratio of an objects im age size to its real size
Resolution- is a measure of the clarity of the image ; it is the minimum distance two points can be seperated and still be distingused
Contrast- acceentuates differences in parts of a sample |
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| the membrane enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells |
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| focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface |
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| scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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| the electron beam scans the surface of the sample , usually coated with a thin film of gold. The results is an image of the specimens surface that appears 3 dimensional. |
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| transmission electron microscope(TEM) |
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| used to study internal structure , aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen. The specimen has been stained with heavy metals whic enhances the electron density |
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| taking cells apart and seperating major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another. |
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| semi fluid , jelly like substance , in which subcellular components are suspended. |
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| carry genes in the form of DNA |
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| complexes that make protiens according to instructions from the genes |
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| What are the components of the endomembrance system |
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Definition
plasma membrance
lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi app
vacuoles
nuclear envelope |
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| functions off the smooth er |
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Definition
synthesises lipids
stores calcium ions
metabolizes carbs
detoxsifies drugs and poisons |
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| functions of the rough er |
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Definition
producec glycoprotiens
distrubute transport vesicles
the membrane factory of the cell |
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| functions of the goglgi apparatus |
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Definition
stores and packages materials into transport vesicles
manufactures certain macromolecules
modifies products of the er |
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| what 3 things do mitochondria and chloroplast have in common |
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Definition
enveloped by a double membrane
grow and produce someone independtly
contain free ribosomes |
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Definition
specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrance.
they produce hydrogen peroxide and turn it into water |
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| How dynein “walking” moves flagella and cilia |
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Definition
| Dynein arms alternately grab, move, and release the outer microtubules Protein cross-links limit sliding Forces exerted by dynein arms cause doublets to curve, bending the cilium or flagellum |
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| what happens during Pseudopodia |
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Definition
| extend and contract through the reversible assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments |
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| is a circular flow of cystoplasm within cells. Speeds distribution of materials within a cell |
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Primary cell wall: relatively thin and flexible
Middle lamella: thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
Secondary cell wall (in some cells): added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall |
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| funtions of the extracellular matrix |
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Definition
Support
Adhesion
Movement
Regulation |
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