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Cell Structure
bro
51
Biology
9th Grade
09/17/2011

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Term
the cell membrane functions:
Definition
controls what enters and leaves the cell, protects and separates the cell from the environment, and helps the cell communicate with other cells
Term
cell membrane is composed of
Definition
phospholipids and proteins
Term
Phospolipids are ______ on one side and _______ on the other
Definition
Phospolipids are polar on one side and nonpolar on the other
Term
cells are composed of a double layer of _________ with _______ embedded in the layers
Definition
cells are composed of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins embedded in the layers
*the nonpolar-ness in teh membrane is the barrier between the cell and its environment
Term
Phospholipids from the membrane are _____ , which means they move _____________
Definition
Phospholipids from the membrane are fluid , which means they move in relation to eachother
(fluid mosaic model)
Term
the nonpolar region of of the membrane prevents _____________ molecules, like ______________ from crossing over
Definition
the nonpolar region of of the membrane prevents large polar molecules, like carbohydrates and proteins from crossing over
Term
name the types and functions of proteins in the cell membrane.
Definition
*transport/carrier proteins: transport materials across the membrane
*receptor proteins: communicate chemical messages across the membrane between the cells
*marker proteins: identify the cells with carbohydrate markers
*enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions
Term
state the function of cholesterol in the cell:
Definition
to make it firmer and prevent it from freezing
Term
list the three differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Definition
eukaryotes are longer, have DNa organized into chromosones in a nucleus, and they contain membrane bound organelles. consequently, procaryotic cells are smaller, their DNA just floats around the cell, and they do not have membrane bound organelles.
Term
define endosymbiosis:
Definition
when cells make vesicles and the large/polar molecules enter the cell in the vesicle because they cant enter through the membrane
Term
what evidence supports the hypothesis of the evolution of the Eukaryotic cell?
Definition
both chloroplasts and mitochondria prodice independently and have their own DNA
Term
what part did Robert Hooke take in the discovery of cells?
Definition
he helped in the development of microscopes, and named them cells because he first looked at dead cork cells and they reminded him of prision cells
Term
how did Anton van Leeuwenhoek take part in the discovery of cells?
Definition
he was the first to observe living cells, and they were protozoans. he also improved the efficeincy of microsopes
Term
How did Mathias Schleiden take part in the discovery of cells?
Definition
he was a botanist, and made the discovery that all plants are made of cells
Term
How did Theodor Schwann take part in the discovery of cells?
Definition
he was a zoologist and made the discovery that all animals are made of cells
Term
How did Rudolph Virchow take part in the development of cells?
Definition
he made the discovery (through the maggot and steak experiment) that cells come only from other living cells (disproved the theory of spontaneous generation)
Term
what are the three parts of cell theory?
Definition
*all living things are made of cells
*cells are the most basic unit of structure and function in living things
*cells come only from other living cells
Term
what is a cytologist?
Definition
a person who studies cells
Term
what are the tools used to study cells?
Definition
light mocroscopes, Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and tehy look at the inside, Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and they look at the outside, and cell culture: growing living cells on artificial media
Term
what are the three types of variety in cells?
Definition
Size, shape, and internal organization.
Term
what limits the size of a cell?
Definition
the ratio of surface area to volume. the volume increases faster than the surface areaso it runs out of room
Term
what are the varriations in internal organization in cells?
Definition
Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells: opposite
Term
name the function of the cell membrane.
Definition
controls what enters and leaves the cell; semi-permiable
Term
cell wall
Definition
provides shape and protection for the cell; composed of celulose
Term
nucleus
Definition
control center of the cell
Term
vacuole
Definition
stores substances such as food, waste and water
Term
mitochondria
Definition
transferes organic molecules into Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP), generates power for the cell, and is the site of aerobic respiration
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
gle-like fluid that holds organelles located between the membrane and the nucleus
Term
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
produces proteins and phospholipids
Term
ribosome
Definition
produces proteins in the cell
Term
golgi body
Definition
modifies many cellular products and prepares them for export
Term
vesicles
Definition
surrounds waste or products its made for exocytosis, and it surrounds materials that cannot enter through the cell membrane for endocytosis
Term
lysosome
Definition
produces digestive enzymes from the golgi apparatus
Term
peroxisome
Definition
adundant in the liver and kidney, and it produces enzymes that break down alcohol and kill bacteria
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
is a network of thin tubes and filaments that crosses the cell membrane. they give shape to the cell and are like train tracks
Term
microtubes
Definition
hold organelles in place, maintain shape and act as tracks
Term
microfilament
Definition
long threads of bead like protein actin, contribute to cell movement, E.G. they move white blood cells and muscles
Term
cilia
Definition
shorter hair like movey-feelers that assist in movement; more concentrated than flagella- they also bring food inside the cell and capture sound
Term
flagella
Definition
longer hair like movey-feeelers that assist in movement and are less concentrated than cilia- they are on sperm
Term
define endosymbiosis
Definition
explains the evolution of a cell when large prokaryotic cells were invaded by small prokaryotic cells and mitochondira have their own DNA
Term
nucleolus
Definition
makes ribosomal RNA
Term
chromosome
Definition
stuctures in the condensed DNA protein
Term
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
where many steroids are produced: testosterone, estrogen, and there is moer RER than SER
Term
chloroplast
Definition
they make food for the cell through photosynthesis, and have chlorophyl
Term
what do plastids do?
Definition
store energy/ are pigments
Term
chromoplast
Definition
pigment crap
Term
what is active transport?
Definition
when the transport requires energy and goes against the concentration gradient, or L-->H
Term
what is a hypertonic solution?
Definition
when there is more solvent inside the cell and it needs to go out, so through passive transport, the solvent goes out. also, you could say there is less solute inside and that the levels need to be straightened out so they pump more solute in
Term
What is a hypotonic solution?
Definition
when there is more solvent outside the cell and to reach an equillibrium it needs to pump more solvent in, vice versa w/ the solute
Term
what is facilitated diffusion?
Definition
a type of passive transport that is substance specific to glucose and amino acids. the molecules go through the cell membrane through a channel protein
Term
what is facilitated diffusion?
Definition
a type of passive transport that is substance specific to glucose and amino acids. the molecules go through the cell membrane through a channel protein
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