Term
| the cell membrane functions: |
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Definition
| controls what enters and leaves the cell, protects and separates the cell from the environment, and helps the cell communicate with other cells |
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Term
| cell membrane is composed of |
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Definition
| phospholipids and proteins |
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Term
| Phospolipids are ______ on one side and _______ on the other |
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Definition
| Phospolipids are polar on one side and nonpolar on the other |
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Term
| cells are composed of a double layer of _________ with _______ embedded in the layers |
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Definition
cells are composed of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins embedded in the layers
*the nonpolar-ness in teh membrane is the barrier between the cell and its environment |
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Term
| Phospholipids from the membrane are _____ , which means they move _____________ |
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Definition
Phospholipids from the membrane are fluid , which means they move in relation to eachother
(fluid mosaic model) |
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Term
| the nonpolar region of of the membrane prevents _____________ molecules, like ______________ from crossing over |
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Definition
| the nonpolar region of of the membrane prevents large polar molecules, like carbohydrates and proteins from crossing over |
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Term
| name the types and functions of proteins in the cell membrane. |
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Definition
*transport/carrier proteins: transport materials across the membrane
*receptor proteins: communicate chemical messages across the membrane between the cells
*marker proteins: identify the cells with carbohydrate markers
*enzymes: catalyze chemical reactions |
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Term
| state the function of cholesterol in the cell: |
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Definition
| to make it firmer and prevent it from freezing |
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Term
| list the three differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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Definition
| eukaryotes are longer, have DNa organized into chromosones in a nucleus, and they contain membrane bound organelles. consequently, procaryotic cells are smaller, their DNA just floats around the cell, and they do not have membrane bound organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| when cells make vesicles and the large/polar molecules enter the cell in the vesicle because they cant enter through the membrane |
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Term
| what evidence supports the hypothesis of the evolution of the Eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
| both chloroplasts and mitochondria prodice independently and have their own DNA |
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Term
| what part did Robert Hooke take in the discovery of cells? |
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Definition
| he helped in the development of microscopes, and named them cells because he first looked at dead cork cells and they reminded him of prision cells |
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Term
| how did Anton van Leeuwenhoek take part in the discovery of cells? |
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Definition
| he was the first to observe living cells, and they were protozoans. he also improved the efficeincy of microsopes |
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Term
| How did Mathias Schleiden take part in the discovery of cells? |
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Definition
| he was a botanist, and made the discovery that all plants are made of cells |
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Term
| How did Theodor Schwann take part in the discovery of cells? |
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Definition
| he was a zoologist and made the discovery that all animals are made of cells |
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Term
| How did Rudolph Virchow take part in the development of cells? |
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Definition
| he made the discovery (through the maggot and steak experiment) that cells come only from other living cells (disproved the theory of spontaneous generation) |
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Term
| what are the three parts of cell theory? |
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Definition
*all living things are made of cells
*cells are the most basic unit of structure and function in living things
*cells come only from other living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who studies cells |
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Term
| what are the tools used to study cells? |
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Definition
| light mocroscopes, Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) and tehy look at the inside, Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and they look at the outside, and cell culture: growing living cells on artificial media |
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Term
| what are the three types of variety in cells? |
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Definition
| Size, shape, and internal organization. |
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Term
| what limits the size of a cell? |
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Definition
| the ratio of surface area to volume. the volume increases faster than the surface areaso it runs out of room |
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Term
| what are the varriations in internal organization in cells? |
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Definition
Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells: opposite |
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Term
| name the function of the cell membrane. |
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Definition
| controls what enters and leaves the cell; semi-permiable |
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Term
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Definition
| provides shape and protection for the cell; composed of celulose |
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Term
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Definition
| control center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| stores substances such as food, waste and water |
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Term
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Definition
| transferes organic molecules into Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP), generates power for the cell, and is the site of aerobic respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| gle-like fluid that holds organelles located between the membrane and the nucleus |
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Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| produces proteins and phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| produces proteins in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| modifies many cellular products and prepares them for export |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds waste or products its made for exocytosis, and it surrounds materials that cannot enter through the cell membrane for endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| produces digestive enzymes from the golgi apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| adundant in the liver and kidney, and it produces enzymes that break down alcohol and kill bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| is a network of thin tubes and filaments that crosses the cell membrane. they give shape to the cell and are like train tracks |
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Term
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Definition
| hold organelles in place, maintain shape and act as tracks |
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Term
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Definition
| long threads of bead like protein actin, contribute to cell movement, E.G. they move white blood cells and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| shorter hair like movey-feelers that assist in movement; more concentrated than flagella- they also bring food inside the cell and capture sound |
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Term
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Definition
| longer hair like movey-feeelers that assist in movement and are less concentrated than cilia- they are on sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| explains the evolution of a cell when large prokaryotic cells were invaded by small prokaryotic cells and mitochondira have their own DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stuctures in the condensed DNA protein |
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Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| where many steroids are produced: testosterone, estrogen, and there is moer RER than SER |
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Term
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Definition
| they make food for the cell through photosynthesis, and have chlorophyl |
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Term
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Definition
| store energy/ are pigments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is active transport? |
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Definition
| when the transport requires energy and goes against the concentration gradient, or L-->H |
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Term
| what is a hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
| when there is more solvent inside the cell and it needs to go out, so through passive transport, the solvent goes out. also, you could say there is less solute inside and that the levels need to be straightened out so they pump more solute in |
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Term
| What is a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| when there is more solvent outside the cell and to reach an equillibrium it needs to pump more solvent in, vice versa w/ the solute |
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Term
| what is facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| a type of passive transport that is substance specific to glucose and amino acids. the molecules go through the cell membrane through a channel protein |
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Term
| what is facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| a type of passive transport that is substance specific to glucose and amino acids. the molecules go through the cell membrane through a channel protein |
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