Term
| What are the 4 sources of 'classic' hormones |
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Definition
| Endocrinology. Neurobiology, immune cells, development |
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Term
| What Are the two major classes of receptors |
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Definition
| Cytoplasmic receptors, cell surface receptors |
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Term
| What is common characteristic of cell surface hormone |
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Definition
| Hydrophilic and cannot pass through cell membranes, epinephrine, |
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Term
| What is an example of amino acid derivitaves |
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Definition
| Epinephrine. Derivative of amino acids |
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Term
| What is an example of arochodinic acid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a example of a peptide hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| What are example of cytoplasmic receptors |
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Definition
| Steroid hormones, thyroxin. The lipid soluble hydrophobic molecules |
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Term
| How do hydrophobic hormone float around freely in the cell |
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Definition
| Binding proteins carry it to the membrane and receptors grab it in the cyctoplasm |
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Term
| Steroid hormone work at long periods of time. What is the range? |
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Definition
| Hours to days. They change gene transcription |
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Term
| Cell surface proteins work very fast |
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Definition
| Minutes to hours but can also cause transcriptional changes. |
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Term
| What is epinephrine and thyroid hormone made from? |
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Definition
| TYROSINE. Thyroxin is more hydrophobic and uses cytoplasmic receptors. |
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Term
| Despite haying 2 protein what is the number of genes insulin comes from |
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Definition
| 1. One strand has a portion cleaved in the middle resulting in 3 pieces. 2 of which are insulin. |
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Term
| What does the eliminated sequence in protein hormones do? |
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Definition
| It folds the protein in a way that allows for the functional portions t line up. |
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Term
| Where do all prostaglandins come from |
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Definition
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Term
| What do cylclooxygenase do |
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Definition
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Term
| What does aspirin do to the enzyme |
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Definition
| It covalently modicies the enzyme |
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Term
| How do you recognize thyroid hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 signal transduction pathways |
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Definition
1. adenylate cyclist cascade
2.phospoinositide cascade
3. Tyrosine kinase receptor cascade
4. Steroid hormone
5. Serine/threonine receptor |
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Term
| What do drugs most often target |
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Definition
| Signaling pathways rather than the functional molecules |
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Term
| When you wart to break down glycogen why signaling system do you do |
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Definition
| CAMP produces various complementing effects. CAMP produces multiple protein Kinases that do different things and work together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones triggers an effect in a protein on the cell surface which cause cAMP to be formed inside the cell |
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Term
| What else is needed to form Camp |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| receptor->G protein -> adenlyate cyclist -> camp -> protein kinase A |
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Term
| CAMP produces different effects in different cells because |
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Definition
| Actives different enzymes unique to different tissue. In liver it is phosphorylate kinase. In smooth muscle it is a myosin light Chain kinase |
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Term
| Every receptor that works through camp has a similar structure |
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Definition
| External component on the outside of the full made up of hkydrophillic Witt 7 membrane spanning hydrophobic transmembrane regions |
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Term
| The receptors have very different chains on the outside of the cell for purpose |
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Definition
| It allows it to be unique to special receptors but perform the same function on the inside of the cell |
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Term
| With the very different outside why is the inside the same on receptors? |
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Definition
| They all activate G proteins. |
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Term
| In the inactive state g proteins are bound to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when a hormone binds to the receptor |
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Definition
| The beta Gamma subunit falls off and the GDP is replaced with A GTP |
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Term
| Which has a higher affinity for for gprotein? |
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Definition
| GDP has a much higher affinity for the protein until the receptor kicks it off and G-TP takes its place. IT happens BC of the high volume of gtp |
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Term
| When GTp is bound what changes in the protein? |
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Definition
| The a-subunit has a high affinity for adenylate cylcase and activates it to camp |
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Term
| What does a GTP phosphorylase |
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Definition
| It turns off GTP proteins by dephohorylating it back to GDP. It is a slow rate but can be regulated by another enzyme. |
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Term
| How does cholera work? Camp shuts down Na transfer |
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Definition
| In the epithelium of stomach Na no longer balances chloride which causes water to rush into the GI tract causing diarrhea. Cholera toxin activates Camp production which stops NA regulation. |
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Term
| What is the cholera toxin called |
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Definition
| ADP ribosyl transverse- splits NAD and attached ADP ribose and activates the gprotein but blocks the GTPASe activity which keeps the protein switched on. |
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Term
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Definition
| It blocks camp phosphodiesterase which stimulate nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein Kinase A. Camp binds to inactive state and reeves an inactive subunit and allows the enzyme to activate until it is degraded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instead of cholera toxin another toxin activates a Gprotein. Which of the choices what molecule activates or inhibits it. |
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