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Definition
| surrounds cell wall (prokaryotes) and serves for helping movement as well as protection and attachment to surface of objects. may move dna to poles |
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Definition
| simply structured cells without nucleous. |
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| controls entry and exit of substances, sometimes uses active transport to pump in nutrients. |
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| Area of scrunched up portion of the plasma membrane. In prokaryotes the membrane makes atp, this is just to help lengthen the membrane to produce more atp. |
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Definition
| liquid between organells within the cell that contain enzymes to catalyze reactions. In prokaryotes holds dna bundle called "nucleoid" |
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Definition
| Location of Protein synthesis. translates rna into proteins. Multiple either floating in the cell or on rough E.R. |
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Definition
| Naked dna of a bacteria. not bound in a membrane. |
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Definition
| small circular peice of dna that bacteria exchange for differentiation |
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Definition
| exchange of DNA plasmids through specialized pilli. (not really reproduction but more evolution) |
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Definition
| Whip like tail used in movement within single cells. |
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Definition
| series of small hairs that aid in movement or conjugation. |
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Definition
| Process where prokaryote copies internal dna and splits into a new bacteria |
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| Metabolic activity of prokaryotes (list three types) |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis, Nitrogen fixation, fermentation |
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Term
| prokaryote photosynthesis |
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Definition
| Blue-green bacteria make their own food from sunlight. |
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Term
| nitrogen fixation in prokaryotes |
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Definition
| Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere to useable nitrogen compounds. |
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Term
| fermentation in prokaryotes |
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Definition
| some absorb organic substances, convert them to other organic compounds, and release the wastes. When making yogurt, bacteria takes in lactose and releases lactic acid. |
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Term
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum. (ER) |
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Definition
| synthesis of proteins that will be secreted |
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Term
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Definition
Digestive sac (acids)
Come from golgi apparatus
Destroy old/damaged organelles
Also aid in cellular digestion of materials brought in through phagocytosis
Usually not in plant cells |
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Term
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Definition
Flattened stacks of cisternae
Packages and prepares protein for use in the cell, or export
Cis side near rER
Trans side releases materials in a vesicle
High concentration in glandular cells |
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Term
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Definition
Location of aerobic respiration
Have their own DNA
Double-layered (folded inner layer called cristae; filled with fluid called matrix)
Similar in size to bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
holds genetic information for cell. Conducts activity of cellBordered by nuclear membrane (porous;why?)
Compartmentalizes euk. DNA
Under normal conditions;chromatin
When prep. for division, unites with histones to form nucleosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Double membrane surrounding the nucleous |
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Term
| Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes |
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Definition
Genetic material - prokaryotes have naked DNA region called nucleoid; eukaryotes have membrane bound nucleus which contains DNA in tightly coiled chromosomes (closely associated with protein)
Mitochondria – not present in prokaryotes (use plasma membrane and mesosome for respiration). Always present in a eukaryote
Ribosome size – small in prokaryotes (~ 70S) S = svedburg units, which is measurement of organelle size; (~80S) in eukaryotes
Membrane bound organelles – few if any located in prokaryotes, while many are located in eukaryotes, including ER, Golgi, and lysosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
Plant cell wall
Animal extracellular matrix – secreted by cell, can serve several roles
1)support (ie. Lined ducts)
2)filter (ie. Basement membrane of kidney)
3)vascular niche (development of new tissue. |
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Definition
| proteins, water, NaCl etc. |
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Definition
| neuron, red blood, white blood, etc. |
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Definition
| combination of cells that have a single purpose. |
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Definition
| combination of tissues which serve a bodily function (brain) |
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Definition
group of organs
(circulatory) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Discovered the first cell in cork bark |
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Definition
| first person to discover living cells |
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Definition
| men who created the cell theory |
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Term
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Definition
1) All living things are made of cells
2) The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
3) All cells come from preexisting cells by division (no spontaneous generation/common ancestor) |
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Term
| inconformities within the Cell Theory |
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Definition
Skeletal Muscle – multinucleated with continual fibers reaching up to 30cm
Fungi- hyphae actually do not have separate cells, but instead have cytoplasm with multiple nuclei.
Some strict Cell Theorists believe that unicellular organisms are actually acellular (theyre wrong) |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein coat around a sample of dna, does not conform to living standard of cells |
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Term
| Examples of Single Celled organisms |
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Definition
| Amoeba, Paramecium,Giardia,etc |
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Term
| characteristics and processes of life |
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Definition
Metabolism
Response
Growth
Reproduction
Nutrition
homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
Usually a compound microscope (more than one lens compounding the image)
Advantages of light microscopes
1) color images
2) larger F.O.V.
3) easy to prepare slides
4) ability to observe living things (especially movement) |
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Term
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Definition
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
- passes beam of electrons through a specimen (usually a thin slice) and portrays image as picture on screen
+great for observing internal structures of cells
-not very easy to prepare slide.
- expensive machine |
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Term
| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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Definition
Bounces a beam of electrons off of the surface of the specimen.
Projects “map” of outside of the specimen onto a monitor
+ good for detailed picture of specimens that were too small before
- unable to see inside specimen
- expensive |
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Term
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Definition
Network of tubules and channels
Extends from nucleus to plasma membrane
Smooth or Rough
Rough is closer to nucleus, covered in proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Creates phospholipids for cell membrane
Sex hormone production
Detoxification
Stored calcium ions
Aids liver in glucose release |
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Definition
Contains centrioles for cellular division
Some higher plants lack centrioles, but still maintain centrosome
Make microtubules (for what?) |
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Definition
double-membrane
Site of photosynthesis
Stacks of thylakoids called grana (filled with chlorophyl)
Fluid called stroma
only in plant cells |
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Term
| plant cell v. animal cell |
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Definition
plant cells have chloroplasts and Large central vacuole
Largest organelle in a plant
Storage bin for cell
Can hold food, toxins, wastes,etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as undifferentiated, stem cells can become any cell in the body. (caused by environmental cues) |
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Term
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Definition
Bone Marrow – constantly creating new RBC’s, so full of stem cells
Embryos- large concentration of stem cells because of heavy development
Umbilical chord blood – from placental sack; ready source of stem cells |
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Term
| Stem Cell Treatment Results |
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Definition
Most successful results have come from adult stem cells (usually the person’s own cells)
Some neurological repair
Successful treatment for juvenile leukemia patients (with adult stem cells)
Repaired heart tissue after heart attack |
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Term
| Dangers of Stem Cell Research |
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Definition
Black-market abortion (abortion for profit)
No knowledge of long-term problems
Personal privacy invasion from use of embryos from unknowing patients |
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Term
| Dangers of Stem Cell Research |
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Definition
Black-market abortion (abortion for profit)
No knowledge of long-term problems
Personal privacy invasion from use of embryos from unknowing patients |
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Term
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Definition
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokenesis |
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Term
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Definition
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
Longest stage of cell cycle
Three phases
1st growth phase (G1)- cell carries out differentiated duties
DNA replication (synthesis phase)
2nd growth phase (G2)-prep for cell division
Many biochemical reactions are occuring during interphase (DNA replication and transcription) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of cell cycle in which nucleus divides to form two genetically identical nuclei. |
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Term
| Prophase (Early and Late) |
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Definition
1) Early Prophase – Chromosomes are becoming shorter and fatter by supercoiling: spindle microtubules are growing
2) Late Prophase- spindle microtubules stretch to opposite poles, and extend from opposite poles to the equator |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Chromosomes move to line up on equator
Spindle microtubules attach to centromeres on opposite sides |
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Term
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Definition
Centromeres have divided
Chromatids (2 copies of DNA) have become chromosomes
Spindle microtubules begin pulling chromosome to opposite poles |
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Term
| Telophase (Early and Late) |
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Definition
Early Telophase – Chromosomes reach poles, and nuclear membranes form around them
Spindle microtubules break down
Late Telophase - Chromosomes uncoil, no longer visible |
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Term
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Definition
Process of cytoplasmic division
I.B. considers part of mitosis
Once telophase is complete, cytoplasm divides by pinching center of cell, forming two genetically identical cells |
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Term
| Production of genetically identical nuclei |
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Definition
DNA makes identical copy of itself during interphase. This leaves the “mother cell” with two identical copies of its DNA.
Once mother cell splits to form two daughter cells, each takes a copy of the DNA, therefore leaving them identical |
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Term
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Definition
No centrioles present
After Anaphase (during Telophase) a new cell wall forms along equator with plasma membrane on both sides, therefore dividing the cell into two cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Centrioles are found at each pole of the cell
After Anaphase, the plasma membrane is pulled in at the equator, forming a cleavage furrow, until the two sides meet in the middle. |
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Term
| Functions of Mitosis (Why cells do it) |
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Definition
Mitosis is used whenever two genetically identical cells are needed
-For growth
-To repair damaged or injured tissue
-In asexual reproduction |
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Term
| Functions of Mitosis (Why cells do it) |
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Definition
Mitosis is used whenever two genetically identical cells are needed
-For growth
-To repair damaged or injured tissue
-In asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
masses of cells in which division is not controlled.
Can occur in any tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Multi-step carcinogenesis
Tumor begins as a benign mass
One cell arises that is more aggressive, and invades surrounding tissue
Cell therefore becomes dominant to other cells
Begins metastasis (malignant at this point) |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins or signals in the cell regulate cell proliferation under normal circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
a proto-oncogen mutated by a carcinogen.
cell proliferation could then occur at uncontrolled rate |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins or signals in the cell regulate cell proliferation under normal circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
Cells have built in proteins that check for mutations, and inhibit cell cycle
Designed to prevent uncontrolled growth
Mutations in DNA of these proteins will stop inhibition, therefore allowing cells to grow |
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Term
| What needs to happen for Cancer to occur... |
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Definition
| 1) proto-oncogen must be mutated, activating oncogen and 2) tumor suppressor must be deactivated |
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