all reacions that involve energy transformations

2 categories  

catabolic and anabolic

metabolic pathway where glucose is converted to 2 molecules of pyrucid acid (pyruvate)

glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2P  >>  

2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Glycolysis is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

from those 2 molecules of pyruvic acid there is a net gain of

                2 ATP

                2 NADH   +    2 H+

Metabolic pathway by which

glucose is converted to lactic acid 

anaerobie respiration

NADH + H+  > lactic acid and NAD

Produce a net of 2 ATP

have no mitochondria

only uses lactic acid pathway

It would draw water into them.

Stores glycogen. 

Many organs store glycogen. 

conversion of glycogen to glucose-6-phosphate

Please note:    that phosphate keeps it from leaking out of the cell

Yes

BUT  only the liver

has the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase that can remove the phosphate group

 and

produce free glucose

Lactic acid is produced by anaerobic respiration

is dilivered to the liver

LDH (lactic dehydrogenase) changed lactic acid to pyruvate

Pyruvate changes to Glucose-6-phosphate

                    an intermediate for glucogen systhesis

                       and can be converted to free glucose

The only organ that can make glucose

and the only organ that can convert pyruvic acid back to glucose

1 glycolysis

2. Pyruvic from glycolysis enters mitochondria

3.  Converted by coenzyme A to molecules of acetyl CoA and 2 CO2

3. Acetyl Co serves as substrate for mitochondrial enzymes in the aerobic pathway

enters the Krebs cycle

4. Electron Transport Chain (System)

5. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

end up with a total of 30 ATP   (# taught in this class)

Krebs Cycle

or

Citric Acid Cycle

Acetyl Co A subunit combines with oxaloacetic acit to form citric acid

Citric acid enters the Krebs Cycle

Acetyl Co A molecule produces:

                     1 ATP           two     2 ATP

                      3 NADH        tw2     6 NADH

                       1 FADH 2      two     2 FADH2

but remember there are 2 pruvates from 1 molecule so we have 2 Krebs cyles going here.  that means 2ATP

6 NADH and 2 FADH2 

Christae of inner mitochondrial membrane

have molecules that serve as an electron transport system during aerobic exercise

Consistsd of cytochromes

Each cytochrome transfers electron pairs from NADH and FADH2 to the next cytochrome

cytochrome a3  transfers electorons to O2, the final electron acceptor. 

Oxidative phosphorylations occurs

Energy derived is used to

phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Coupling Electron Transport   to  ATP  Production

Chemiosmotic  theory:

ECT powered by transport of electron

pumps H+ from mitochondrial matrix

into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

ECT has 3 proton pumps

It puts a higher H+ in intermember space

Inner mitochondrial membrane diffuses  H+ through respirator assembly.  

Phosphorylations coupled with oxidation when H+ diffuse through the assembly:     ADP and P  + ATP

Glycolysis = direct substrate phosphorylation - 2 ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation - 2.5 ATP for pair of e- each NADH donates

1.5 ATP for each pair of e- FADH2 donates

                                               (astivates pump 2 & 3)

net of 26 ATP produced in the electron transport chain

When more energy is taken in than consumed, ATP production is inhibited

Glucose is converted into glycogen and fat

formation of fat

Acetic acid subunits from acetyo CoA converted into various lipids

Mainly happens in adepose tissue and liver

Lipolyisis   breakdown of fat

tryglycerices . glycerol + 3 free fatty acids

Fat metabolism  and ATP    

beta oxidation of fat

  C-C       C-C       C-C       C-C

so four times through the krebs cycle

each of those breaks makes 1 acetyl Co A

and so each time in the krebs cycle

1 ATP     =      1

3 NADH   =    7.5

1 FADH2   =   1.5

                                               10 every time around

                              the kreb and it goes 4 times = 40

every break in the bond = 1 FADH = 1.5

                                     1 NADH = 2.5

                      10 X 4 = 40               4       3X4=12

                                    40     + 12  = 52 ATP

free fatty acid

Free fatty acids serve as the major energy source derived fromt riglycerides

break down fat to make ATP

process by whick cells can use fatty acids

Enzymes remove 2 carbon acetic acid molecules from the end of fatty acid chain

Forms acetylCo A

Acetyl CoA enter Krebs cycle

ATP, NADH, FADH2 produced

when breakdown of fat

triglycerides in adipose tissue are borken down and resynthesized

----this ensures the blood will contain enough fatty acids for aerobid respiration

If ATP is sufficient, acetyl Co A channels into alternated pathways-----converted to ketone bodies

Nitrogen is ingested primarily as a protein

to make protein breaks to urea is hard on kidneys

Excess urea excreted in urea

Nitrogen balance = nitrogen eaten minus amount excreted

Adequate amounts of amino acids are required for gowth and repair   

a new amino acid can be obtained by transamination

-----amine group (NH2) transferred from one amino acid to another

Catalyzed by specific enzyme (transaminase)

Process by which excess amino acids are eliminated

amine group from glutamic acid removed forming a keto acid and ammonia

-----keto acid can be used in the krebs cycle

-----ammonia is converted to urea and excreted

blood contains a variety of energy sources

glucose, ketone bodies, fatty acids, lactic acid and amino acids

Brain  uses glucose mainly

blood glucose is maintained since many organs spare glucose