Term
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Definition
| Subcellular structures encased in a plasma membrane |
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Term
| What do all cells have in common? |
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Definition
| A plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes. |
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Term
| Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
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Definition
| a. eukaryotes are bigger. b. eukaryotes have chromosomes in the nucleus while prokaryotes have them floating around in a nucleoid region, but nothing separates it from the rest of the cell. c. eukaryotes have organelles floating around in the cytoplasm, but prokaryotes have nothing. |
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Term
| What limits the size of a cell? |
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Definition
| Metabolic requirements. The surface area grows slower than the volume, and the plasma membrane can only take in so many nutrients and stuff at a time. When it can't supply itself with enough nutrients, it stops growing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A selective barrier which allows oxygen and other nutrients in and waste out. It encases the cell and the each organelle. The membrane participates in the cell's metabolism. It has a double layer of phospholipids, and interspersed with proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. The envelope is perforated with pores that reach down and fuse the inner and outer membranes. On each pore is an intricate protein structure called a "pore complex". |
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Definition
| a netlike array of protein filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus. The filaments stretch between the pores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Particles made out of RNA and protein. They carry out protein synthesis (they make proteins). They come in two subunits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suspended in the cytosol, these ribosomes make proteins all over the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum. They make proteins that they insert into the membranes and either get put into the ER or get packaged and sent out to other organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Other membranes in eukaryotic cells. They are either in the system directly or in vesicles. They have no fixed molecular composition, metabolic behavior, or shape. |
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Term
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| A membranous labyrinth that makes up half the Cisternae |
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Term
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Definition
| ER without ribosomes. It has enzymes which are important to the synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and enzymes break down unusable products in the hydrolysis of glycogen. The enzymes also detoxify drugs and poisons by adding hydroxyl groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores energy for carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomes make special proteins then enters the ER where they are attached to carbohydrates. Then they get transported out of the ER in membranes called transport vesicles. The transport vesicles later go to the golgi. Also, ER makes membranes with the secreted enzymes making phospholipids and the ribosomes make the proteins. These membranes are sent via transport vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| The golgi apparatus modifies, stores, and sends the products of the ER. It is made up of several stacked layers of cisternae. It has a cis end and a trans end. The cis end is the receiving end (receives vesicles) and the trans end is the sending end. The golgi enzymes modify the proteins from the ER (aka glycoproteins). It manufactures various macromolecules and moves others. |
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Term
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Definition
| A digestive compartment that is membrane bounded. It is a sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can hydrolyze any macromolecule. It keeps at its ideal pH of 5 by pumping hydrogen constantly. It destroys the waste parts, and sometimes the whole cell. |
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Definition
| Vacuoles that fuse with the lysosome and help consume smaller organisms via phagocytosis |
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Definition
| When portists eat by engulfing other organisms |
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Definition
| When a cell recycles its own organic material. It takes the cytosol of an organelle it just destroyed and puts it in the cell's cytosol. |
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Definition
| What pump out excess water out of a cell |
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Definition
| Plants have this vacuole. It is enclosed by a membrane and it is used as a disposal for metabolic by-products. It also lets the cell become larger without lots of investment in cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane that encloses the central vacuole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts energy of a cell into energy that can be used for work. It is the site of cellular respiration. They are found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Sometimes a cell has one large one, a few big ones, or a bunch or small ones. |
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Term
| Information on Mitochondria's Membrane |
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Definition
| It has two membranes; an outermembrane which is normally shaped and smooth, and an intermembrane which is folded. This makes two mitochondrial compartments; the intermembrane space (between the two membranes) and the mitochondrial matrix (inside the inner membrane). |
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Definition
| The mitochondrial compartment inside the membrane. It makes enzymes, and holds the DNA and the ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The folds of the intermembrane of mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
| A catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting it from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen. |
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Definition
| What plants use to convert energy to energy able to be used for work (via photosynthesis). They contain plastids, thylakoids, and stroma. |
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Definition
| An organelle within chloroplasts. It has all the enzymes for photosynthesis and the chlorophyl (what makes the plants green). |
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Definition
| Flattened sacs in the chloroplasts |
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Definition
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Definition
| A specialized metabolic comparment bound by a single membrane. It has enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen and use it to break down molecules. This is converted to water, and thus hydration occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A network of fibers in the cytoplasm that organizes the structures within the cytoplasm. It anchors organelles and proteins, but can also be taken apart and remade in other parts of the cell. It also can regulate biochemical activities |
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Term
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Definition
| A cell's ability to move. This is controlled by the cytoskeleton (more specifically, the motor molecules within it.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that bring about movement by letting molecules slide past each other. |
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Term
| Main fibers in a cytoskeleton |
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Definition
| Thickest to thinnest, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow tubes made up of a tubulin protein. They serve as a track for organelles to move on. They come in twos (together they are a centrosome, separately they are centrioles.) In each microtubule, there are nine centrosomes on the edge and one center centrosome. (9+2 pattern). |
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Term
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Definition
| The arms that connect the centrosomes (doublets) and let them move as they do in cillia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| What anchor the cillia/flagella to the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that span the membranes and let molecules that can't pass through the membrane pass through. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins with a hydrophilic channel that allows certain molecules and ions through |
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Term
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Definition
| Channel protein that allows the passage of water |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that bind to molecules and the change their shape to shuttle them across the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The direction which a substance would want to diffuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of something into or out of a cell that does not use energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport of something into or out of a cell that uses energy. |
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Definition
| The control of water balance in a cell to maintain its internal environment |
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Definition
| Passive transport with the help of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Channels that open or close depending on the presence or absance of a chemical or physical stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pump which changes shape with the addition and subtraction of a ATP phospholate group, and uses it to bring in K and take out Na. |
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Term
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Definition
| Microtubule that protrudes from the cell and moves the cell (like oars with cillia, and like a motor with flagella.) |
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Term
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Definition
| They are made up of the actin protein. They support the cell's 3D shape by being around the boarder of the cytoplasm and making the outside gel like instead of fluid. |
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Term
| Microfilament specific funtcions |
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Definition
| a. Myosin, a thicker filament protein which "walks", moves against the actin and together they slide past each other so that contract the size of the cell or other contractions within the cell, which allows movement. b. Extends into pseudopodia which extend and contract to allow movement (especially in amoebas). c. cytoplasmic streaming, aka the circular flow of cytoplasm with the cell, is maintained by microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| More permanent structures that reinforce the strength and the shape of a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wall around plant cells that maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin and flexible wall called the primary cell wall is first. Then comes the middle lamella in between, a thin layer rich in polysaccharides called pectins. When it stops growing, this part of the cell wall becomes hard and strong. There is a secondary wall between the plasma membrane and the rest of the cell wall. It is the strong and durable wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| The glycoprotein in most animal ECMs. They are strong fibers woven in a network of proteoglycans (another type of glycoprotein). |
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Term
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Definition
| A glycoprotein used in an ECM which binds to receptor proteins called integrins, on the plasma membrane. They transmit changes in the ECM to the cytoskeleton so they can work together. |
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Term
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Definition
| An open channel in a the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect to adjacent cells. Water and small solutes can pass between the two connected cells. Only for plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| When membranes of neighboring cells are fused. No extracellular fluid gets in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as an anchoring junctions, cells are fastened together by strong intermediate filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that has both a hydrophobic region and a hydrophilic region |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane is a fluid structre with various proteins embedded and attached to the phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
| How can phospholids move? |
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Definition
| Drifting/switching laterally, or flip flopping vertically. The latter is rare because the hydrophilic side crosses the hydrophobic region and visa versa. |
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Term
| What happens if the phospholipid bilayer isn't fluid enough? |
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Definition
| The enzymatic proteins stop working and the lipid composition is altered |
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Term
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Definition
| Wedged between phospholipids. Makes the membrane less fluid be restraining phospholipid movement. Also hinders close packing of molecules (lowers freezing temperature) |
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Term
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Definition
| They can, but not very quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that completely spans the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins not embedded in the lipid bilayer. Instead, they are appendages loosley bound to the surface of integral proteins |
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Term
| Difference between internal and external faces of a membrane |
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Definition
| They have different lipid compositions and protein orientations |
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Term
| Functions of membrane proteins |
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Definition
| Transport, enzymatic activity, signal transductions, intercellular joining, cell-cell recognition, attachment ot the cytoskeleton and ECM |
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Term
| Membrane protein transport |
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Definition
| a protein that spans the membrane can provide a hydrophilic channel down the middle that is selective to a paticular solute. It can also hydrolyze ATP as an energy source. |
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Term
| Membrane protein enzymatic activity |
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Definition
| A protein built into a membrane can be an enzyme with an active site exposed to tsubstances in the adjacent solution. It can even extend to a whole metabolic pathway. |
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Term
| Membrane protein signal transduction |
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Definition
| A membrane protein may have a binding protein may have a binding sight for a chemical messenger and then can realy messages to the cell. |
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Term
| Membrane protein cell-cell recognition |
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Definition
| Some glycoproteins serve as identificator of other proteins |
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Term
| Membrane protein attachemnt to the cytoskeleton of ECM |
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Definition
| Proteins can bond to microfilaments, which helps the cell maintain its shape. |
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Term
| Membrane protein intercellular joining |
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Definition
| Membrane proteins of adjacent cell can be hooked together via various junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is a greater concentration of the solute inside the cell and less of the solute outside, filling it up |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is a lesser concentraion of the solute inside the cell and more outside of the cell, thus making their less water in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| When the concentration of the solute is even both inside and outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell is filled with water (hypotonic) |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell has no net net tendency for water to enter (isotonic) |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell has little water in it (hypertonic) |
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Term
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Definition
| When a polar molecule or ion diffues through the lipid bilayer with the help of transport proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a cell to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another. This helps cells sort and organize and lets cells fight bad cells. It uses membrane carbohydrates branched from oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides vary. |
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Term
| Why are membranes inside and outside faces asymmetrical? |
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Definition
| The membrane is made from materials (phosholipids, proteins, carbohydrates) in the ER, which is brought to the Golgi apparatus which adds stuff. Then it is transported by the vesicles to the inner layer. From the inner layer, it eventually goes to the outer layer, but still is sparadic in doing so. |
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Term
| Membranes and permeability |
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Definition
| Membranes control permeability; only smaller molecules can pass through. C02 is expuled and 02 is brought in. Mostly, the hydrophobic core decides. Proteins assist in regulating transport, including via transport proteins or channel proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Channel proteins which allow water through |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins which bind to a molecule and change its shape so it can fit in. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance will diffuse to where it is less concentrated |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of moleucles of any substance to spread out into the available space |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion across a membrane. It is passive because it involves no energy |
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Term
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Definition
| When one solute going out indirectly makes another one go out (which usually couldn't). This is used to bring in macromolecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the membrane of the vesicle and the membrane of the Golgi apparatus come in contact, they fuse and spill the contents outside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell brings in macromloecules by forming new vesicles in the plasma membrane. A small area of the membrane sinks inward, and eventually pinches off form going too deep to make a vesicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a cell engulfs another cell by extending psuedopodia around it and packaging it in a large vacuoule. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a vesicle is created around a drop of extracellular fluid. |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| Ligands come it and bind to specifity transporting certain substances. This get triggered by a ligand. Bulk endocytosis allows a cell to get stuff it's low on. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alloserics, but for binding receptors. They go onto the membrane surface, and only a certain protein or signal molecule can get in. |
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