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| the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment within an organism by coordinated physiological mechanisms |
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| Your body has established values it considers normal. The human body will maintain these values usually |
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| A response that enhances the original stimulus; often leads to a cascade process |
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| the output response attempts to shut down or reduce the original stimulus |
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| term to describe how the final product of reactions may inhibit the generation of more of that product |
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| a controller generates commands without directly sensing the regulated variable |
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| Cephalic phase ( of gastric secretion) |
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| start to salivate and increase stomach acid before food is actually in the mouth; ex. of feedforward regulation |
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| your heart rate and breathing rate increase before you start exercising |
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| daily biological rhythm changes; body temp, cortisol, blood pressure, growth hormone, melatonin |
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| structural unit of all living things; over 200 different types in human body |
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1) a cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
2) activity of an organism depends on both the individual and the collective activities of its cells
3) the activities of cells are regulated by their subcellular structures
4) cells give rise to other cells |
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| the organelles and cytosol located between the cell membrane and the nucleus |
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| fluid portion of the cytoplasm; in most cells water represents 70-85% of their mass |
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| inorganic ions (e.g. potassium and sodium ions) |
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| chemical substances that may or may not be in stored packets inside cells; e.g. glycogen granules, lipid droplets and melanin |
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| Mitochondria in brown fat |
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| produce heat instead of ATP (found in babies) |
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| produce 95% of ATP for the cell, uses pyruvic acid and oxygen to make energy; has its own DNA and can make its own protiens |
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| small dark staining granules composed of proteins and rRNA; 60s + 40s subunits making an 80s unit; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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| make proteins that function in the cytosol |
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| Fixed/Membrane-bound Ribosomes |
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| make proteins for organelles and the cell membrane, cellular exocytosis, and lysosomal enzymes |
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| system of interconected tubules, sacs and flat sheets |
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| contains ribosomes, continuous with nuclear membrane, forms disulfide bonds, adds carbohydrates |
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| receptor molecules of RER for ribosomes |
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| signal recognition particles found on the surface of RER |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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does not have ribosomes
Functions: lipid metabolism, lipoprotein creation, cholesterol synthesis, steriod based hormones, fat, detoxify, glycogen to glucose, stores calcium |
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| Golgi apparatus (GA)/ Golgi complex |
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| composed of vesicles, tubules, and flattened membrane bound cisternae; the sacs package and modify macromolecules in vesicles |
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| replace portions of cell membrane, make components for RER, make components for lysosomes, secretory or intracellular storage vesicles |
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| What organelle makes hyaluronic acid and chondrotin sulfate? |
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| membrane bound organelle w/ powerful digestive enzymes with the goal of destruction to whatever the packets open on; membrane is highly glycosylated |
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| lysosome that is degrading foreign particles that were phagocytized |
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| lysosomes that are eating no longer functioning cells parts via a process called autophagy |
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| portions of molecules that the lysosome was not able to digest which are sometimes stuck in the cell |
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