Term
| Membrane paternal lineage ?? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the primary and secondary driving force of phospholipid bilayers |
|
Definition
Primary is hydrophobic interactions
secndary h bonds stabilize polar groups |
|
|
Term
| When an alcohol head group is cleaved on a phospholipid what are they used for |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| facing away from cytoplasm not nesseraly outside |
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|
Term
| What molecules cluster in macrodomains such as lipid rafts |
|
Definition
| cholestrol, and sphingolipids |
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|
Term
| when a vesicle forms what happen to exoplasmic and cytoplasmic sides |
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Definition
| they reverse the inside used to be cytoplasmic now its on the outside |
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|
Term
How are phospholipids sythesized ?
where are they sythesized |
|
Definition
2 step enzyme reaction
only on cytoplasmic leaflet!!!! |
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Term
| Mechanism andn the puropose of each stem of membrane sythesis |
|
Definition
1) Two fatty acids added to glycerol-3- phoshate (form phosphatidic acid) lengthens the bilayer
2) Phosphatases and phosphotransferases attach head gropus
Gives chemical nature
3)Flippase transfers to exoplasmic side (if needed)
4)later transported between organelles |
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Term
| Transmembrane alpha helices are usually how long |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do most plasma membrane proteins contian?where is it located |
|
Definition
one or more carbohydrate chains
chains located on outside |
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|
Term
Permeable, Slihgtly permeable or impermaeble
ETOh , Water, Urea |
|
Definition
permeable
slightly
slightly |
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|
Term
| What is diffusion rate proportional to? |
|
Definition
| concentration gradient, hydrophobicity, size of molecule |
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|
Term
| How do Uniporters facilitate entry to cell |
|
Definition
| provide lower resistance passages |
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|
Term
| how do cotransporters transport other molecules |
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Definition
| they use gradients created by pumps to tranfer other molecules |
|
|
Term
| List out the different types of membrane transproter proteins |
|
Definition
| uniporters, pumps, cotransporters, channels |
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Term
| Is a uniporter a form of facilited diffuession ? |
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Definition
| yes any membrane transport protein uses facilitated diffuesion |
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Term
| medium velocity of uniporter transport |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is rate of movement so much higher in uniporter facilitaed diffusion compared to passive diffusion? |
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Definition
| becuase molecules never come in contact with hyrdophobic core |
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|
Term
What is the purpose of pumps ?
What type of protein do they need to use atp? |
|
Definition
Maintain chemical and electical gradients
ATP-ases |
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|
Term
| how fast do pumps tranport there ions? |
|
Definition
| slow about 100 molecules per sec |
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|
Term
| how much energy is consumed by pump? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What class of membrane tranfer proteins are symporters and antiporters? whats the differnece between the two? |
|
Definition
Cotransporters
Symporters both molecules go one way
Anitporters molecules go in opposite directions |
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|
Term
| Most of the time what is driving cotransporters and what direction is it moving |
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Definition
| sodium is usually high outside bringing in another molecule with it . |
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|
Term
| What does it mean that all Cotransporters are coupled |
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Definition
| Neither molecule can cross without the other |
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|
Term
| What do ion channels do to gradients ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast is transport in ion channels? |
|
Definition
FAst!!!!
10 ^7 ions per/sec |
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|
Term
| How much energy is in one gram of carbohydrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tissues only use glucose as an enrgy source? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Formula of glucose metabolism ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What brings in glucose from the small intestine? How does it work? what type of transport is used |
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Definition
The SGLT1 symporter brings in glucose throught the use of Sodium gradient
2 Sodiums for every glucose brought in
. Secondary active transport is used |
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|
Term
| How many GLUT transporters are there? what type of protein transporter is a glut transporter ? stand for? |
|
Definition
| 13 transporters, Uniporter, |
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|
Term
| Where can you find GLUT 1, 2, 3, and 4 transporters and what are there function |
|
Definition
1- find in all cells
2- find in liver and beta pancreas cells (used as sensors) (low affinity)
3- find in neurons (high affinity)
4- find in fat, liver, muscle (insulin dependent) |
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|
Term
| Only insulin dependent GLUT |
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Definition
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|
Term
| GLUT 1 glucose uptake is mainly for what at not for what? |
|
Definition
provide enough sugar for cellular respiration
Not for storage |
|
|
Term
| Why is there more transport of glucose when excersing (more ATP production) |
|
Definition
| becuase the phosphorlated glucose increases shifting equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| GLUT 4 glucose transportation is mainly for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does glut 2 do in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of glucose is taken up by insulin dependent GLUT? the rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are low glycemic index foods healthier |
|
Definition
| less insulin needed to clear glucose from blood |
|
|
Term
| SGLT 1 kidney epithelial affect on blood glucose levels? |
|
Definition
| on 180mg/ml can be absorbed rest is cleared from the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foods ability to increase blood glucose |
|
|
Term
| what is the rebound effect? what prevents it? |
|
Definition
| it is where insulin spikes lower blood sugar so much that you actully induce hunger. eating low glycemic foods prevents it |
|
|
Term
True or false
Low glycemic foods = low calorie |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed to burn Fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition of Dibaetes mellitus ? |
|
Definition
| disease of overproduction and underutilization of glucose |
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Term
| what is not the cause of dibetess and why |
|
Definition
| Plain high carb diet does not cause because excess glucose not reabosrbed by kidney is excreted. |
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|
Term
| What causes high blood glucose levels in diabetess in between meals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percent of diabetes is type 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is type one diabetes treated? how is type 2 |
|
Definition
type 1- Insulin injections
type 2- diet and possible oral med |
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|
Term
| What is reactive hypoglycemia ? |
|
Definition
| too much insulin produced after meal |
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|
Term
| What causes fasting hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
| body produces too much insulin without eating |
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|
Term
| what would signal Prediabetes ? |
|
Definition
| too much insulin production |
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|
Term
| overdose of substance that is apart of medical treatment ( insulin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do proteins enter the energy cyle? fats? |
|
Definition
Amino acids enter TCA,
fats enter in two places
Glycerol- G3P
Fatty acids- Acetyl coa |
|
|
Term
| How would we characterize prediabetes ? |
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Definition
| too much insulin production |
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|
Term
| Name different types of pumps |
|
Definition
Ptype pumps
V and F type pumps
ABC transport pumps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bind Na, phsphorylate asp, transport out, energy from hydrolysis of asp used to bring back in with K
3 Na+ out 2 K+ in |
|
|
Term
| what causes the conformational change in Na/K pump |
|
Definition
| phoosphorylation and dephosphorilation of asp |
|
|
Term
| what is high sodium in outside cell used? High pottasium inside? |
|
Definition
High sodium used to power cotransporters
High K+- protein synthesis, enzymes and resting potential |
|
|
Term
| Where is Mg2+ more concentrated ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Na/k ATPase
Ca2+ ATPase
H+/K+ pump |
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|
Term
| What is the Ca2+ ATPases job to do after a muscle contratction ? |
|
Definition
| clean up Calcium through pumps |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| bind ca, phosphorylate asp, release a, desphophylation returns |
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|
Term
| how Ca2+ are pumped out in Ca2+ATPase per atp. where are they pumped into |
|
Definition
| 2 Ca2+ per cycle per atp. pumped into sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Ca2+ pumps in muscle cells? How are they regulated |
|
Definition
Sarcoplasmic reticlulm pump - always on
plasma membrane pump- regulated by binding of calmodulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates plasma membrane ca2+ pumps |
|
|
Term
| How is Ca2+ cleaned up in cardiac muscle? Molecules. and how does it affect heart contractiltiy? |
|
Definition
a Na+/Ca2+ ANTIPORTER (not a pump) transports out calcium. 3 Na+ 1 Ca2+
increase in Ca2+ in heart cytosol increases contraction |
|
|
Term
| what is special about cardiac muscle pertaining to calclium entry? |
|
Definition
| has no triads, relies on entry of extracellular calclim |
|
|
Term
| Caclium prescence inside cell of cardiac muscle heart vs muscle cell |
|
Definition
in cardiac- high Ca2+ lowers contratility
in muscle- high ca2+ causes contraction |
|
|
Term
| Name all of the Membrane transport proteins involved in gastric acid secretion? where are each located |
|
Definition
H+/K+ ATPase (p class pump)
Cl- channel
K+- channels
HCO3-/Cl- antiporter (Basolateral side)
rest are on apical membrane |
|
|
Term
| what complex acidifies lysosomes? what are the parts of this complex |
|
Definition
V-class pumps
TWO PARTS
V1= cytoplasmic (breaks atp
V2=transmembrane (proton channel) |
|
|
Term
| what are v class ion pumps used for |
|
Definition
| maintaining low ph of acidic vesicles |
|
|
Term
| what types of cells express Vclass ion pumps? |
|
Definition
Osteoclasts
Macrophages
Kidney tubules cells (Nh3 to NH4) |
|
|
Term
V type proton production ?
F type proton consuption ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ABC transport proteins stand for? general structure ? |
|
Definition
ATP binding cassette
Four domains two cytosolic two Transmembrane (form passage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
to transport phosphatidylcholine to outer leaflet in membrane which is later realeased into bile.
its also the mechanism for flipping phopholipids |
|
|
Term
| What is ABCB1 other name ? what happens when it is overexpressed |
|
Definition
MDR1 Multi drug resisitance transport protein.
chemotherapy drugs are pummped out |
|
|
Term
| What is CFTR? wher is it expressed and what does it do |
|
Definition
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator
expressed in apical membrane of epithelia in lungs, exocrine glands (sweat and pancreas) |
|
|
Term
| what is lost energy of electrons running down the ETC used for ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In F and V type pumps what subunit is in the membrane and which is located on the cytosolic side? funny saying ? |
|
Definition
X0- membrane
X1- Cytosolic
Membrane is ground |
|
|
Term
| Atp total net and gained for all processese |
|
Definition
Here is the overall breakdown:
-2 ATP Glycolysis stage 1
4 ATP Glycolysis stage 2
2 NADH Glycolysis stage 2
2 NADH produced from pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
6 NADH from Krebs cycle
2 FADH2 from Krebs cycle
2 ATP from Krebs cycle
The NADH and FADH2 go on to the electron transport chain and ATP is produced from them:
NADH results in the production of 3 ATP per NADH
FADH2 results in the production of 2 ATP per FADH2
(Note that the NADH from glycolysis stage 2 requires an ATP to transport the NADH into the mitochondrion, so the net is 2 ATP per NADH from glycolysis stage 2, for a total of 4 ATP instead of the 6 you would normally expect)
So, overall:
4 ATP (glycolysis stage 2) +
4 ATP (from NADH from glycolysis stage 2) +
24 ATP (NADH from Krebs cycle) +
4 ATP (from FADH2 from Krebs cycle) +
2 ATP (succinyl CoA to succinate step) =
38 ATP total
-2 ATP used in glycolysis =
36 net ATP from glycolysis, Krebs and electron transport. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of energy of glucose is used to make ATP. How much is the reduction potential of two electrons reduced during ETC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what transports electrons between the complexes of ETC |
|
Definition
Coenzyme Q and
Cytochrome C |
|
|
Term
| What do the electrons do to oxygen and how is aging related to this? |
|
Definition
splits o2 into superoxide (O2-) which combines with two h+ to form water,
super oxide is a ROS that can damage tissues around it. aging atributed to mitochondrial damage |
|
|
Term
| how many protons are pumped by each complex and carrier in ETC for NadH |
|
Definition
| Complex I pumps four protons, Complex III pumps two protons, and Complex IV pumps four protons, resulting in ten protons pumped per electron pair (NADH molecule) entering the chain. |
|
|
Term
| how many protons are pumped out per FADH2 |
|
Definition
| FADH2 pump only six protons up the gradient |
|
|
Term
| How can poisons interrupt cellular respiration? |
|
Definition
block movement of electrons,
block movement of H+ through ATP synthase,
increase membrane permeability of h+ |
|
|
Term
| what are proton ionophores? |
|
Definition
| allow h+ to leak across inner mitochondrial membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is thermogenesis? where does it occur and how does it work? |
|
Definition
| special regulation of oxidative phosphorylation to produce heat (NOT BY SHIVERING), it occurs only in the mitochondria of brown fat, it works by UNCOUPLING electron transport and passing the protons through thermogenin , a UCP instead of ATP synthase producing heat instead of ATP |
|
|
Term
| What is UCP? in humans who has it |
|
Definition
| Uncoupler protein only newborns have it to adjust to room temp |
|
|
Term
| Pumps can use what energy sources? |
|
Definition
ATP
photons directly
energy of free electrons |
|
|
Term
| What are primary transporters |
|
Definition
molecules that bring in other molecules faster than usual
Na in Na+ glucose symporter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gradient of different enzymes , and ph |
|
|
Term
| how many protons needed for one turn of V class pump ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two drugs that were once used in congestive heart failure, they block na+k+ pumps |
|
Definition
straphotus gratus
digitalis pupera |
|
|
Term
| what is unique about MDR1 protein compared to other transport proteins |
|
Definition
| unspecific for substrate hence multi drug resisitant |
|
|
Term
| what types of tranport proteins are irreversible ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the to domains of epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| apical , and basolateral faces |
|
|
Term
| What is the brush border, what stuructures are on it, what are these strucures for and how are they formed |
|
Definition
| apical membrane, microvilli, increase SA, formed from actin bundles |
|
|
Term
| whats on the tips of microvilli that contain sugar breakdown enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Condition, defect in SGLT1 ? |
|
Definition
| glucose-galactose mabsorption (GGM) |
|
|
Term
| Describe glucose transport through intestinal epithelium |
|
Definition
Na k pump- sets up low sodium high k inside
SGlt1- brings in glucose from na gradient
high glucose in epithiel leaves through glut 2,
K channel purges excess k+ inside |
|
|
Term
| what form of proteins can the intestinal epithelium only tranport |
|
Definition
| amino acids, no proteins or peptides |
|
|
Term
| what is a renal column, whats its function |
|
Definition
| in kidney in between renal pyramids where urine is sent to the bladder |
|
|
Term
| what are the major parts of the nephron |
|
Definition
| renal corpuscle, renal tubules |
|
|
Term
| what are the substrates needed for atp production ? |
|
Definition
| glucose or fatty acids and O2 |
|
|
Term
| What causes ishemic heart disease? how can we fix it |
|
Definition
| inadequate energy available for heart needs (not necesarily low blood supply) . either lower metabolic needs or increase metabolic substrates and atp production |
|
|
Term
| list three risk factors for coronary heart disease that affect metabolic supply of substrates for ATP |
|
Definition
Underweight, (fat)
Low fruits and vegatbales,( glucose)
Iron deficency (O2) |
|
|
Term
| name the three stages of oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the filtration membrane in kidneys ? can substances get inbetween endothelial cells in kidney? eptithlia |
|
Definition
endothelial cell, double thickness basal lamina, epithelial cell
, Yes fenestrated endothelial
No tight junctions |
|
|
Term
| Components of primary filtrate? what does it resemble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reabosorbtion of glucose and ions , in the kidneys happens where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kidney absorbtion of glucose vs inestinal absorbtion of glucoces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe salt and water reabsorption in kidney , glucose, aminoacids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In sodium aminoacid symporter how many sodium are transported per lueicine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Renal threshold ? glucose , amino acids? aminoaciduria? and glyouria ? |
|
Definition
| plasma concentration that compound will appear in urine, 180mg/dl , 65mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| what does antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) do ? |
|
Definition
| decreases the amouhnt of aquaporin protein in the decending loop of henle |
|
|
Term
| what is diabetes insipidus and what causes it ? what is treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list three of the main antiporter systems ? give ratio of molecues passed ? where are they found |
|
Definition
NHE-1 Na+/H+ 1-1(kidney and gut epithelia)
NCE Na+/Ca2+ 3-1 (heart)
Band 3 protein - HCO3-/Cl- 1-1 (erythocyte) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of NHE-1, NCE, |
|
Definition
control cytosolic ph
clean up intacellular heart calcium concentration |
|
|
Term
| which way does Band 3 protein tranfer its substrates in systemic cirulation ? Pulmonary circulation ? |
|
Definition
Hco3- out cl- in
Hco3- in cl- out |
|
|
Term
| Describe how c02 transport works in erythrocytes ? which transporter is involed and what is the critical enzyme in side the cell |
|
Definition
carbonic anhydrase
band 3 protein |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of Hc03-/cl- antiporter |
|
Definition
| anion binding site on one side open only!!! conformation change tranports and opens up second binding sight on the other side |
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