Term
| Criteria genetic material must meet |
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Definition
- Information: must contain information necessary to make and entire organism
- Transmission: must be passed from parent to offspring
- Replication: must be copied
- Variation: must be capable of changes
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Term
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Definition
| The repeating structural unit of DNA and RNA |
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Term
| What are the three components of a nucleotide? |
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Definition
- A phosphate group
- A pentose sugar
- Anitrogenous base
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
composed of two parts
- A base
- A sugar
Adenine+ribose=adenosine
Adenine+deolyribose=deoxyadenosine |
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Term
| What forms the backbone of DNA? |
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Definition
the phosphates and sugars
these are connected with covalent bonds making them strongly bonded |
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Term
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Definition
have two carbonchains
(Guanine and Adenine) |
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Term
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Definition
Smaller and simpler than purines
(Thymine and Cytosine)
(Uracil in RNA replaces Thymine) |
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Term
| How many nucleotides does it take to code for one amino acid? |
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Definition
Three
(every third letter) |
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Term
| How are purines and pyrimidines bonded? |
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Definition
Bonded by hydrogen bonds
purine bonds to a pyrimidine
A-T (double hydrogen bond)
C-G (triple hydrogen bond)
T-A (double hydrogen bond)
G-C (triple hydrogen bond)
and in RNA
U-A
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Term
| What are the two types of sugars and what genetic material do they belong to? |
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Definition
- Deoxyribose (DNA) has one less hydrogen than ribose
- Ribose (RNA) has three OH
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Term
| How are the two strands of DNA directionally situated? |
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Definition
directionalitly parallel
5' to 3' |
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Term
| Describe the double helix of DNA... |
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Definition
- two strands are twisted around a common axis
- 10 bases at 3.4 nm per complete turn
- the helix is right-handed (as it spirals away it turns clockwise)
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Term
| How is DNA stabalized and twisted into a double helix? |
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Definition
- hydrogen bonding between complementary bases
- base stacking (bases are oriented so that flattened regions are facing each other)
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Term
| What is the point of DNA's double helix? |
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Definition
- certain proteins can bind in either the major or minor grooves
- the 3D structure helps the large amount of DNA needed fit into a compact space
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Term
What protein does DNA wind around?
What is the point of a DNA-binding protein? |
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Definition
- Histone protein
- to extensively compact DNA
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Term
| How long are RNA strands? |
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Definition
| several hundred to several thousand nucleotides in length |
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Term
| Is it possible for RNA to form anything besides single strands? |
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Definition
Yes
short double-stranded regions
(due to complementary base pairings)
They are typically
- righ handed
- A form with 11 to 12 base pairs per turn
- different types of secondary structures arise
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Term
| What are the kinds of RNA secondary structures? |
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Definition
- noncomplementary regions: bases projecting away from double stranded regions (bulge loop and intemal loop)
- multibranched junction
- stem-loop (aka hair pin)
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