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| The dissolved substance in a solution. |
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| In cells: water; The substance in which a solute is dissolved. |
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| The number of molecules (solute) per unit of solvent. (the solvent in cells is water) |
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| Is reached when the rate of movement in one direction is the same as the rate of movement in the other direction. |
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| The cells expends energy to maintain a steady inside environment state. |
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| Impose a barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell. Hydrophilic "heads" and hydrophobic "tails". The cell membrane. |
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| Receptor and recognition proteins. They have an oligosaccharide molecule attached to them. |
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| AKA "channel proteins". These fold in such a way as to create a hole (membrane pores) down their center. Allow water soluble substances to cross the lipid bilayer. |
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| Bind extracellular substances which then cause changes in the cell. (exp. neurotransmitter receptors) |
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| Also glycoproteins. Function as ID tags. Identify cell type within an organism. Used to identify one organism from another. |
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| Some may be glycoproteins. Locate and stick to others of the same type in multicellular organisms. |
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| When two locations differ in the amount of something, then there is a _____ between them. |
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| Cell expends no energy; passive transport; The process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration |
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| Like doors; can be shut. Substances can only be moved through them by the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. |
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| Like open windows. (aka "pores") Can move in both directions. Net movement depends only on the concentration gradient. |
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| Solutes are "helped" to move down their concentration gradients by the presence of channels. |
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| Active Transport Proteins |
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| Less concentrated solution, lots of water |
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| More concentrated solution, less water |
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| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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| Vesicles form in cytoplasm. Vesicles & cell membrane fuse. Contents of vesicles are expelled. (secretory vesicles are operated by exocytosis) |
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| Endocytosis w/ help of receptor proteins. (receptors recognize & bind specific substances.) |
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| Cell "drinking" (vesicle forms around small volume of extracellular fluid; fluid and particles are taken in) |
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| Cell "eating" (cell engulfs solid materials; microorganisms, large edible particles, debris) |
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| Will not dissolve in water. (non-polar) |
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| Molecules that dissolve in water. (polar) |
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| What happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? In a hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
Hypo: membrane will expand.
Hyper: membrane shrivels |
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| What happens to an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic solution? In a hypertonic solution? |
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Definition
| Hypo: it will expand and possibly burst. Hyper:it will shrivel |
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