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Every living organism is made up of 1 or more cells.
The smallest living organisms are single cell, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms.
All cells arise from preexisting cells. |
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Each cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, rather fluid membrane called the plasma membrane.
Consist of a (bilayer) made up of phospholipids and cholesterol molecules in which many different proteins are embedded. |
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| Important functions of the plasma membrane |
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Definition
Isolating the cell's contents from the external environment.
Regulating the flow of materials into and out of the cell.
Allowing interaction with other cells and with the extracellular environment.
Present in all cells |
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| consists of all the fluid and structures that lie inside the plasma membrane, but outside of the nucleus. |
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| The fluid portion of the cytoplasm in both pro/euk cells; contains water, salts, & an assortment of organic molecules such as proteins, lipids, carbs, sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides. |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) |
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| The genetic material in cells. |
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| chemically related to DNA and comes in different forms that copy the blueprint of genes on DNA and help construct proteins based on this blueprint. |
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| What are the two basic types of cells? |
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Prokaryotic(before the nucles); bacteria, archaea
Eukaryotic (True nucleus); animals, plants, fungi, and protists. |
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| membrane-enclosed structures, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that perform specific functions within the cell. EUK |
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| A network of protein fibers, gives shape and organization to the cytoplasm of EUK cells. Many organelles are attached to the cytoskeleton. |
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| What do plant cells have that animal cells dont? |
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| They are surrounded by a cell wall; some EUK are supported, and they contain chloroplasts,plastids, and a central vacuole. |
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| What do animal cells have that plant cells dont? |
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| Animal cells contain centrioles, bear cilia. |
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| Protects & supports the cell.Present in PRO/EUK Plants |
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| MOve the cell through fluid or move fluid past the cell surface; Present in EUK animals |
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| MOve the cell through fluid. Present PRO,EUK plants, EUK Animals |
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| Encodes the info needed to construct the cell and to control cellular activity. All cells contain DNA. |
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"Colored bodies" Contain and control the use of DNA
PRO- Single,circular, no proteins
EUK PLANTS- Many,linear, with proteins.
EUK ANIMALS- " ." |
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Definition
Membrane-bound container for chromosomes
Present only in EUK plants/animals. An organelle consisting of 3 major parts: the nuclear envelope,chromatin,and the nucleolus. |
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| Encloses the nucleus; regulates movement of materials into and out of the nucleus. Consists of double membrane. Present in only EUK PLANT/ANIMALS> |
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| Synthesis ribosomes. Present EUK p/a |
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| produces energy by aerobic metabolism. "Powerhouses of the cell"-extract energy from food molecules and store it in the high energy bonds of ATP. Present EUK p/a |
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| Perform photosynthesis: Present EUK Plants |
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| Provides the sites for protein synthesis. Present in all cells."workbench" |
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"network within the cytoplasm"
Synthesizes membrane components, proteins, and lipids. Present only in EUK plant/animals |
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| Modifies and packages proteins and lipids; synthesizes some carbs;Present only in EUK P/A |
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| Contain intracellular digestive enzymes; Present only in EUK p/a. |
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| store food, pigments. Present in EUK/p |
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| Contains water and wastes; provides tugor pressure to support the cell. Present in EUK plants |
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| Other vesicles & vacuoles |
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| transport secretory products; contain food obtained through phagocytosis. Present only in EUK p/a. |
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| Produce the microtubles of cilia and flagella. Present in EUK ANIMALS. Absent(in most) Euk plants |
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| The cytoskeleton is composed of three types of protein fibers: |
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| thin Microfilaments, medium-sized intermediate filaments, and thick microtubules, |
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| Twisted double strands of protein subunits; about 7nm in diameter; Involved in muscle contraction; allow for changes in cell shape; facilitate cytoplasmic division in animal cells. |
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| Helical subunits twisted around 1 another & bundled into clusters of 4, which may be further twisted together.Provide supporting framework within the cell; support the plasma membrane;anchor some organelles within the cytoplasm; attach some cells together. |
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| Tubes consisting of spirals of 2-part protein subunits; about 25 nm in diameter. Allow movement of chromosomes during cell division; form centrioles & basal bodies; are a major component of cilia and flagella. |
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| Cilia (Eyelash) Flagella (whip) |
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Definition
| Slender extensions of the plasma membrane, supported internally by microtubules of the cytoskeleton. Both contain 9 pairs of microtubules, with a central pair in the center. |
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| Anchors cilia and flagella to the plasma membrane. |
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| An array of proteins that line pores in the nuclear membrane & control which substances enter and leave the nucleus. Specialized gatekeeper proteins |
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| "colored substance" The complex of DNA & proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes. |
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| Lacks ribosomes & is specialized for different activities in different cells. In some cells, Smooth ER manufactures lipids such as steroid hormones made from cholesterol. Stores calcium in all cells. Break down glycogen into glucose molecules that provide energy. |
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| Ribosomes on rough ER are sites of protein synthesis and are also sites for manufacturing proteins such as digestive enzymes and protein hormones(insulin) that some cells export. |
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| The main function is to modify,sort, and package proteins produced by the rough ER. |
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| Engulfing particles just outside the cell using extensions of the plasma membrane. |
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| Without oxygen. Generated in the cytoplasmic fluid. Breakdown does not convert much food energy into ATP energy. |
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| "with oxygen" reactions generate energy much more effectively. About 16x more than anaerobic. Generated in the mitochondria |
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| The thylakoid membranes contain the green pigment chlorophyll and Give plants their green color. |
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| The hypothesis that certain organelles, especially chloroplasts & mitochondria, arose as mutually beneficial associations between the ancestors of eukaryotic cells & captured bacteria that lived within the cytoplasm of the pre-eukaryotic cell. |
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