Term
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Definition
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Term
| mechanism of disease development |
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Definition
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Term
| cell & organ changes due to disease, molecular & genetic changes |
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Definition
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Term
| functional consequence, sign & sx |
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Definition
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Term
| 5 options of cell response to injury |
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Definition
| adaptation, acute reversible injury, irreversible injury/cell death, metabolic changes, cellular aging |
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Term
| describe the 4 ways a cell can adapt to an injury |
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Definition
| hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia |
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Term
| describe the two ways a cell can die |
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Definition
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Term
| describe what metabolic changes can occur in a cell after injury |
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Definition
| intracellular accumulations (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates), calcifications |
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Term
| physiologic v. pathogenic |
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Definition
| physiologic is a good change, pathologic is a bad change |
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Term
| increase in size of cells or organ |
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Definition
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Term
| why does hypertrophy happen |
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Definition
| increased synthesis of structural components or organelles (ex. glycoproteins) |
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Term
| increased muscle mass by pumping iron is an example of what |
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Definition
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Term
| increased heart size because of hypertension is an example of what |
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Definition
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Term
| can a cell adaptation be pathologic? Give ex |
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Definition
| yes! Enlarged heart from hypertension |
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Term
| increase in number of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| uterus growing in pregnancy is an example of what |
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Definition
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Term
| liver regenerating after partial resection is an example of what |
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Definition
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Term
| give an ex of pathologic hyperplasia |
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Definition
| endometrial, benign prostatic - because it increases risk of malignancy |
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Term
| decreased size or number of cells or organ |
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Definition
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Term
| why does atrophy happen? 6 reasons. |
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Definition
| disuse, loss of innervation, loss of blood supply/nutrients, loss of endocrine stimulation (breast, uterus), aging, pressure atrophy |
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Term
| breast and uterine shrinkage in postmenapausal women is an example of what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| yes; cells have diminished function and may progress ot irreversible injury |
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Term
| reversible change of one cell type to another (aka reprogramming of stem cells) |
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Definition
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Term
| give examples of metaplasia |
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Definition
| respiratory epithelium to squamous from smoking; squamous to columnar form acid reflux |
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Term
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Definition
| protection, but it really raises the risk of cancer |
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Term
| name the 3 kinds of reversible injury |
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Definition
| decreased oxidative phosphorylation, decreased ATP, morphology change |
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Term
| name two kinds of morphology change due to reversible injury |
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Definition
| cell swelling, fatty change |
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Term
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Definition
| hypoxia, physical agents, chemicals & drugs, infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutrition |
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Term
| name the 4 things that happen to every cell in reversible injury in order. |
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Definition
| biochemical alterations, ultrastructural changes, light icroscopic changes, gross morphological changes |
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Term
| inflammation: necrosis or apoptosis |
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Definition
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Term
| apoptosis and necrosis: pathologic or physiologic? |
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Definition
| apoptosis can be either; necrosis is always pathologic |
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Term
| how many cells in apoptosis or necrosis? |
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Definition
| apoptosis is one, necrosis is many |
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Term
| describe the nuclear changes in necrosis. |
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Definition
| pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karolysis |
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Term
| describe the nuclear changes in apoptosis |
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Definition
| nuclear/cytoplasmic fragmentation |
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Term
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Definition
| used in apoptosis to degrade things |
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Term
| cell death that releases IL-1 |
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Definition
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Term
| capsase-independent programmed death of many cells |
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Definition
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Term
| amorphous/flocculent densities |
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Definition
| marker of mitochondrial damage that means irreversible damage |
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Term
| two markers of irreversible injury |
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Definition
| amorphous/flocculent densities; loss of membrane functions; mitochondrial dysfunction |
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Term
| different kinds of necrosis |
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Definition
| coagulation, liqueifactive, caseation, fat, fibrinoid necrosis |
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Term
| what properties of cell injury depend on the injury? |
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Definition
| injury, duration, severity |
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Term
| what properties of cell injury depend on the cell that is injured? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 mechanisms of cell injury |
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Definition
| ATP depletion, mitochondrial damage, increased Ca, free radical damage, membrane damage, DNA damage |
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Term
| How does loss of ATP depletion lead to cell injury? |
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Definition
| loss of oxidative phosphorylation, so intracellular pH decreases, Na pump stops functioning, Ca pump fails, no protein synthesis |
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Term
| how does mitochondrial damage lead to cell injury? |
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Definition
| membrane permeability of mitochondria means no ATP and leakeage of cytochrome c into the cytosol |
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Term
| how does increased Ca lead to cell injury? |
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Definition
| activates destructive enzymes |
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Term
| how does free radical damage lead to cell injury? |
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Definition
| oxidative stress: lipid peroxidation, enzyme damage, nuclear damage |
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Term
| how does a membrane get damaged? |
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Definition
| ATP depletion, free radicals, decreased phospholipid synthesis (or increased breakdown), cytoskeletal abnormalities |
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Term
| loss of osmotic balance, Ca+ influx, leakage of enzymes: what is damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| decreased ATP: what is damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does DNA damage occur |
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Definition
| radiation, drugs, oxidative stress |
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Term
| what happens following dna damage |
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Definition
| repair mechanisms are overwhelmed and apoptosis is initiated |
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Term
| where do intracellular accumulations come from? |
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Definition
| endogenous in excess or abnormal, exo (coal, tattoo) or endo (lipids, etc.) - can be harmless or toxic |
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Term
| ex of intracellular accumulations with bad outcomes |
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Definition
| fatty liver (too many triglycerides), smokers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heart cells tat have wear & tear injury from free radicals; doesn't affect function of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in liver - golden deposits that affect function (cirrhosis) |
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Term
| a normal process in dying or dead tissues calcification |
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Definition
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Term
| hypercalcemia in normal tissues |
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Definition
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Term
| mechanisms behind cell aging |
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Definition
| telomere shortening, oxidation, failure of repair mechanisms, lipofuscion from peroxidation |
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