Term
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Definition
| Resist external microorganisms as well as recover from insult and inflammation in a timely fashion |
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Term
| What major factor causes cells to become less adaptable and able to overocme microorganisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Age-related changes: specific areas |
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Definition
| cell membranes, mitochondria |
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Term
| Decreased functional abilities caused by atrpohy or tissue or organ are a result of |
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Definition
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Term
| Resisitance to infection and disease decrease with |
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Definition
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Term
| How to delay cell degradation due to aging? |
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Definition
| exercise, diet, anti-oxidant compounds |
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Term
| WHat is reponsible for the removal of the injurious agent, removal of cellular debris, and the inititaion of the healing process? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ the stressor, the _______ the inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| If complete regeneration of the tissue is not possible, the damage tissue is replaced by.,.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-functional fibrotic connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the factors associated with reversing the injury? |
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Definition
| mechanism, duration of exposure, severity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stroke, myocardial infarction |
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Term
| WHat is ischemia caused by? |
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Definition
| reduction of the blood flow or increase demand for blood |
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Term
| Problems associated with hypoxia/anoxia due to blood flow shortage? |
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Definition
| decreased delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products from the tissue |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Immune Reactions |
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Definition
| abnormal immune system function can occur as a reaction to an antigen on a cell |
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Term
| Problems associated with Immune Reactions |
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Definition
| too strong of a reaction occurs, killing the antigen and also damaging/killing the cell |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Immune Reactions example |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors |
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Definition
| cell injury/death can occur through genetic alterations |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors 1 |
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Definition
| altering the structure # of chromosomes that may cause abnormalities |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors 2 |
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Definition
| Gene mutations can change the amount or function of protein |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Genetic Factors 3 |
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Definition
| Multiple gene mutations that interact with the environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Nutritional Factors |
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Definition
| insufficiens or imbalances of essential nutrietns can cause cell injury or death |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Physical Factors |
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Definition
| heat, cold, electricity, trauma |
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Term
| Cell Injury Mechanisms: Chemical Factors |
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Definition
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Term
| If the injury is small in magnitude, the cell can continue to function in a hazardous manner, how? |
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Definition
| increased cell volume, lowered pH, removal of ribosomes from Rough Endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| The cell adapts by making alterations in the affected cells, tissues, and organs due to |
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Definition
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Term
| What adaptatiosn allow the cell to continue functioning and avoi further injury |
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Definition
| atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia |
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Term
| Lethal injury leads to alterations in the cell's what? |
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Definition
| nucelus, mitchondria, lysosomes, cell membrane |
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Term
| What responses are involved with inflammation? |
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Definition
| vascular, humoral, neurologic, cellular |
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Term
| Inactivate teh injurious agent, breakdown and remove dead cells, initiate healing |
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Definition
| functions of the inflammatory reaciton |
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Term
| Cardinal signs of actue inflammation |
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Definition
| rubor, tumor, calor, dolar |
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Term
| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation due to? |
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Definition
| Increased local blood flow and vasodilaiton, leaking fluid into extravascular spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| leakage of low-protein flood from the blodo vessel wall into interstitial spaces |
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Term
| If swelling occurs in an anatomic space it is called an... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are examples of anatomic spaces |
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Definition
| pericardium, pleura, joint |
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Term
| If the transudate is protein-rich it is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| migration of key cells toward the injury site in response to chemical mediators |
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Term
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Definition
| Cessation of blood flow in the affected vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytes then remove debris of the microbial agents |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| leukocytes accumulate and stick to the inside of the vessel walls at the injury site |
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Term
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Definition
| leukocytes pass through the vessel walls into the interstitial space |
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Term
| What is indicative of an inflammatory process? |
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Definition
| presence of higher concentrations of leukocytes in tissue or fluid |
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Term
| WHat is neutrophil accumulation indicative of? |
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Definition
| inflammation is acute and is found in sites of bacterial invasion |
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Term
| What is the role of neutrophils? |
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Definition
| neutralize bacterial growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased concentration of White blood cells |
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Term
| What is leukocytosis an indication of? |
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Definition
| acute inflammatory reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreased concentration of white blood cells |
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Term
| What is leukopenia indicative of? |
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Definition
| severe systemic infection |
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Term
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Definition
| medium in transferring something from one place to another in the body |
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Term
| How does chronic inflammation occur? 1 method |
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Definition
| when the injurious agennt is not removed |
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Term
| How does chronic inflammation occur? 2nd method |
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Definition
| repeated episodes of acute inflammation |
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Term
| How does chronic inflammation occur? 3rd method |
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Definition
| when cells injured by injurious agent cannot recover |
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Term
| Chronic Inflammation Hallmark: 1 |
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Definition
| Accumulation of cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the area of injury |
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Term
| Chronic Inflammation Hallmark: 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic Inflammation Hallmark: 3 |
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Definition
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Term
| Pt's Role in Decreasing Inflammation: 1 |
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Definition
| Minimize inflammation at injury site |
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Term
| Pt's Role in Decreasing Inflammation: 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Pt's Role in Decreasing Inflammation: 3 |
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Definition
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Term
| How does exercise affect inflammation? |
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Definition
| # and functioning of immune cells and lymphocytes in the area |
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Term
| What occurs within 24 hours from the time of injury? |
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Definition
| migration of fibroblasts from nearby healthy tissue |
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Term
| When the fibroblasts reach the injured area what tdo they do? |
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Definition
| proliferate and synthesize a framework for developing cells |
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Term
| The network created by fibroblasts at the site of injury is used for what types of developing cells? |
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Definition
| fibronectin, proteoglycans, elastin, collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| distinguishing cells of a tissue or organ |
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Term
| Why is regeneration the optimal mode of healing? |
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Definition
| dead cells are replaced by functional cells |
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Term
| Cells can only go through regeneration if... |
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Definition
| cells can undergo mitosis |
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Term
| What are examples of cells that cannot under go mitosis? |
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Definition
| ccardiac myocytes, neurons |
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Term
| Cells that cannot undergo mitosis are called what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some examples of cells which normally do not undergo mitosis, but can in special circumstances |
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Definition
| hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, kidney cells |
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Term
| If a cell normally does not undergo mitosis, but can, in special circumstances, it is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| WIthin 48 hours of a skin wound, proliferation begins in endothelial cells of what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why is the proliferation of blood vessels at the margin of the skin injury important? |
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Definition
| provides a vascular network that can bring oxygen and nutrients to the healing tissues |
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Term
| What is the process of new blood vessel formation called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Parenchymal Cells Proliferation: 1 |
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Definition
| nearby viable cells move away from dead cells |
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Term
| Parenchymal Cells Proliferation: 2 |
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Definition
| remaining epithelial cells then cover area left bare by necrotic cells |
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Term
| Parenchymal Cells Proliferation: 3 |
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Definition
| epithelial cells divide and migrate to injury site |
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Term
| What happens during neovascularization? |
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Definition
| new capillaries are formed until they reach the site of injury |
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Term
| What is wound contraction? |
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Definition
| newly formed matrix shrinks with healing, diminishing the size of the tissue defect |
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Term
| Why is wound contraction important? |
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Definition
| speeds up the closure of the wound |
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Term
| Excessive shrinkage of healing tissue takes place is known as what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is a common example of a contracture? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| To avoid contractures, medical staff must focus on what? |
|
Definition
| patient positioning and splinting |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs with necrosis of permanent cells or with excessive necrosis of tissues with removal of the connective tissue matrix |
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Term
| Surgical obliteration of the tissue defect caused by tissue injury and cell necrosis is known as what |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a keloid composed of |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| defective remodeling of scar tissue |
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|
Term
| Keloid scare are more common among whom? |
|
Definition
| african-american and mediterranean descents |
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Term
| WHat is the primary factor affecting healing? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Well-vascularized tissues will heal ____ as compared to those with a poor blood supply |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: 1 |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: 2 |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: 3 |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: 4 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: 5 |
|
Definition
| general health, immunocompetency of the indvidual |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: 6 |
|
Definition
| presence of comorbidities |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 4 |
|
Definition
| decreased oxygen perfusion as in pulmoary disease |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 7 |
|
Definition
| use/abuse of alcohol, tobacco, caffiene |
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Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Healing: Presence of Comorbidities: 9 |
|
Definition
| concurrent medical treatments |
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