Term
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Definition
maintenence of the normal physiologic steady state including:
1) normal metabolic fluxes
2) normal variation in living cells
3) in a stress FREE state |
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Term
|
Definition
| what happens if a cell cannot adapt to stress? |
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Term
irr-severe and progressive
rev-mild, transient |
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Definition
| what is the difference between the precedent of irreversible injury and reversible injury? |
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Term
1) apoptosis
2) necrosis
(both result in cell death) |
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Definition
| what are the 2 results of irreversible injury to a cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible functional and structural responsses to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved allowing the cell to survive and continue to function |
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Term
1) hypertrophy/hyperplasia
2) atrophy
3) metaplasia
4) intracellular accumulations |
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Definition
| What are the 4 cellular adaptations to stress? |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the size of a cell(or organ) often due to increased functional requirement, the end result of increased production of cellular proteins(can be physiologic or pathologic) |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that takes place if the cell population is capable of dividing |
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Term
1) hormones/growth factors
2) compensatory(increased functional demand-body builder)
3) pathologic/atypical (virus) |
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Definition
| what can stimulate hyperplasia? |
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Term
| the uterus during pregnancy |
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Definition
| give an example of hormone induced hypertrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| myocytes hypertrophy ________ly in response to increased load |
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Term
smooth ER in hepatocytes increases to increase cytochrom p450 oxidases to help metabolize the drug
*can affect other drug metabolism, so can be a prob in multi-drug pts |
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Definition
| organelles can hypertrophy, what hypertrophies with barbituate intake? |
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Term
| prostatic hyperplasia in response on androgens -> weak stream, urinary retention, bladder infxn |
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Definition
| give an example of pathologic hyperplasia in a male |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in the size(and function) of a cell or organ |
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Term
1)reduced functional demand(disuse)
2)inadequate supply of O2(hypoxia)
3)inadequate nutrition(protein-calorie deficiency aka marasmus)
4)interruption of trophic signals(denervation)
5) persistent cell injury(radiation)
6) physiologic(ex: notochord, thyroglossal duct)
7)pressure
8) loss of endocrine stimulation |
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Definition
| what are the causes of atrophy? |
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Term
| the most metabolically active part: the coretex |
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Definition
| what part of the kidney atrophies primarily when the renal artery is atherosclerotic? |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of one cell type to another, often due to repetitive injury |
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Term
| replacement of glandular epithelium by squamous epithelium |
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Definition
| most common type of metaplasia |
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Term
| metaplasia->dysplasia OR neoplasia (meta comes first) |
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Definition
| put these in order: neoplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| is metaplasia reversible? |
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Term
esophageal-stomach GEJ(squam->columnar
larynx-trachea(columnar-> squam)
stones in ducts
vitamin A deficiency-retinoic acid(squamous metaplasia in resp.) |
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Definition
| list some common sites for metaplasia |
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Term
Reprogramming of:
A) stem cells existing in normal tissues
B) undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present in CT |
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Definition
| list the mechanisms for metaplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most common epithelial metaplasia? |
|
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Term
transformation of esophageal squamous epithelium to intestinal-like columnar cells due to refluxed gastric acid
-get goblet cells etc, and HIGH risk of cancer esp adeno(glandular) carcinomas |
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Definition
| What is Barret esophagus? |
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Term
formation of cartilage, bone, or adipose tissue(mesenchymal tissues) in tissues that do not normally contain these elements
ex: myositis ossificans-bone formation in muscle can occur after intramusc. hemhorrage |
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Definition
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|
Term
REVERSIBLE:
1) decreased cell function
IRREVERSIBLE:
2) biochemical alterations->cell death
3) ultrastructural changes
4) light microscopic changes
5) gross morphologic changes |
|
Definition
| list the order of events that occur with prolonged cell injury |
|
|
Term
1) generalized swelling of cell & organelles
2) blebbing of plasma membrane
3) ribosome detachment from ER
4) clumping of nuc. chromatin
5) lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm |
|
Definition
| list the morphologic changes in REVERSIBLE cell injury: |
|
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Term
| the PM is disrupted and the cell starts leaking contents |
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Definition
| In terms of morphologic changes resulting from cell injury, how do you know when a cell is screwed? |
|
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Term
1) cellular swelling aka "hydropic change" or vaculolar degeneration
2) fatty change |
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Definition
| list changes that can be seen under the light microscope due to cell injury |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
1) inability to reverse mito dysfxn(opening of mito permeability transition pore)
2) profound disturbance of PM + influx of Ca++ ions
3) rupture of cytoplasmic lysosomes
4) rupture of PM |
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Definition
| what do you see when there is irreversible injury secondary to ischemia? (not too important apparently) |
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Term
|
Definition
| which is ALWAYS pathologic: necrosis or apoptosis? |
|
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Term
ATP1) many effects
MITO2) leakage of pro-apoptotic proteins
CA++3) increased mito permeability & activation of many cellular enzymes
ROS4) damage to lipids, proteins, DNA
PM 5) loss of cellular components
LysoM5) enzymatic digestion of cell components
6) activation of pro-apoptotic proteins |
|
Definition
how does the cell respond to each of the following:
1) decreased ATP
2) mito damage
3) entry of Ca++
4) increased ROS
5) membrane damage
6) protein misfolding & DNA damage |
|
|
Term
Mitochondria involvement
(necrosis cant make ATP, apoptosis cytochrome C) |
|
Definition
| apoptosis and necrosis have different pathways of cell response, but what do they have in common? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Irreversible cell injury causes ______ |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell death due to an injury |
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Term
1)coagulative
2)liquefactive
3)fat
4)caseous
5) gangrenous
(6)the book incluedes fibrinoid necrosis |
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Definition
| list the 5 types of necrosis |
|
|
Term
1) reduced blood flow(ischemia)
2) inadequate oxygenation of blood due to cardio-resp. failure
3) decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood (like anemia or CO poisoning)
4) severe blood loss |
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Definition
| list some causes of O2 deprivation |
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|
Term
1) cell and organelle swelling and rupture
2) denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins |
|
Definition
| list the ultrastructural changes associated with coagulative necrosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| in what type of necrosis is the architecture of the dead tissues preserved(at least for a few days)? |
|
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Term
1)pyknosis
2)hypereosinophilia
3)karyorrhexis
4)karyolysis |
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Definition
| describe the microscopic changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells underoing coagulative necrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fragmentation of the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| disintigration of the nucleus |
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Definition
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|
Term
1) necrosis causes enlarged cells(swelling, while apoptosis causes reduced cell size(shrinkage)
2) in necrosis the nucleus goes from pyknosis->karyorrhexis->karyolysis, in apoptosis the nucleus fragments into nucelosome size fragments
3)in necrosis the PM is disrupted, it is intact in apoptosis, but has altered structure, esp. in lipid orientation
4)n necrosis there is enzymatic digestion of cellular contents and they may leak out of the cell, in apoptosis, the cell is intact so the contents may be released in apoptitic bodies
5) adjacent inflammation is frequent with necrosis, and doesn't happen with apoptosis
6) necrosis is a culmanation of irreversible cell injury and is therefore invariably pathologic, apoptosis is often physiologic and a means of eliminating unwanted cells, may be pathologic after some forms of injury esp. DNA damage |
|
Definition
describe the difference in cell changes between necrosis and apoptosis in terms of
1)cell size
2)nucleus
3)PM
4)cellular contents
5)adjacent inflammation
6)physiologic/pathologic role |
|
|
Term
1) irreversible injury and death
2) loss of the PM's ability to maintain the ion gradient in the cell
3) influx of Ca++
4) degradation of cellular RNA
5) precipitation of cellular proteins in situ(dead stuff stays in place, not carried off) |
|
Definition
| describe the pathogenesis of coagulative necrosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| localized area of coagulative necrosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ischemia caused by obstruction of a vessel causes coagulative necrosis in all organs EXCEPT ____ |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of necrosis characterized by dissolution of necrotics cells and removal rather than scar formation |
|
|
Term
-usu in an abcess secondary to bacterial, or fungal infection
-inflammatory dissolution of tissue
-also common with cerebral infarcts |
|
Definition
| when does liquefactive necrosis occur? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| type of necrosis specific to adipose tissue with triglycerides where there are focal areas of adipose destruction |
|
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Term
| with destruction of fat via enzymes(lipase) fatty acids precipitate as calcium salts, leading to chalky white deposits in tisue |
|
Definition
| what is the pathogenesis of fat necrosis? |
|
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Term
| it becomes amorphous basillic/purple deposits at the periphery of necrotic adipocytes |
|
Definition
| what happens microscopically to tissue that has undergone fat necrosis? |
|
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Term
| acute pancreatitis pt's, pancreatic lipases split trig's in fat cells, and the released FA's combine with Ca++ |
|
Definition
| what is a common example of fat necrosis? |
|
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Term
| casseous necrosis(cheese-like) |
|
Definition
a type of necrosis in which the dead tissue persists indefintitely as amorphous, coarsely granular debris
-cells don't retain cellular outline, and do not dissepear by lysis |
|
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Term
| TB, and some fungal infxns |
|
Definition
| what disease typically results in caseous necrosis? |
|
|
Term
| you have a granuloma with necrosis in the middle and you see **MULTI-NUCLEATE GIANT CELLS** |
|
Definition
| how can you ID TB caseous necrosis? |
|
|
Term
| coagulative + liquefactive necrosis = gangrenous necrosis |
|
Definition
| cell death involving an entire region(rather than an organ) resulting from loss of blood supply combined with infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does ischemia do to ATP? |
|
|
Term
1)mito damage
2)ca++ influx, lost of ca++ homeostasis
3)accumulation of ROS
4)defective membrane permeability
5)damage to DNA and proteins |
|
Definition
| list some mech of cell injury besides depletion of ATP |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a unique mechanism of cell death which occurs normally during embryogeneis and throughout adulthood: a tightly regulated suicide program, but can also be pathologic when dieseased cells are irreversibly injured |
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Term
|
Definition
| apoptosis causes inflammatory cells, T or F |
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|
Term
1) embryogenesis
2)involution of hormone dep tissue upon hormone withdrawl, ex: menstruation
3)cell loss in proliferating populations(to maintain homeo) ex: epithelial cells in intestinal crypts
4) elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes(t cells)
5) death of inflammatory cells at end of immune response |
|
Definition
| list some apoptosis in physiologic situations |
|
|
Term
1) to eliminate cells damaged beyond repair without eliciting a host rxn(damage to surroundings)
2)when DNA is damaged
3)accumulation of misfolded proteins
4)cell death in viral infxn, transplant rejection
5)pathologic atrophy after duct obstruction(like salivary glands) |
|
Definition
| list some pathologic causes of apoptosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
extrinsic: PM receptor
intrinsic: mitochondrial |
|
Definition
| what are the intrinsic and extrinsic initiators of apoptosis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| list the apoptosis "death receptors" |
|
|
Term
1)fat - fatty liver(steatosis)
2)glycogen - glycogen storage disesases
3)complex lipids -lysosomal lipid storage disorders
4)iron - iron overload, hemachromatosis
5)lipofuscin - undigested material from autophagy(wear and teat pigment)
6)melanin - epidermal pigmentation
7)exogenous pigments -anthracosis (carbon in lung/lymph nodes) |
|
Definition
| list the causes/type of intracellular accumulations and examples |
|
|
Term
| rare, and autosomal recessive |
|
Definition
| glycogen storage diseases are --- |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within parynchemal cells often seen in liver, but can see in heart, muscle, kidney |
|
|
Term
alcoholic abuse, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(assoc. with obesity & diabetes)
in developing = kwashiorkor and severe GI malabsorbtion |
|
Definition
| what are the major causes of significant fatty change in the liver in developed nations? in developing? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
zone 1: around arteries, most O2
zone 2: in between
zone 3: around veins, least O2 |
|
Definition
| describe the "zones" in the liver and which is more oxygenated |
|
|
Term
| AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE: type A & B due to bad sphingomyelinase -> poor cholesterol transport, and neuro damage in brain |
|
Definition
| what is Niemann-pick disease? |
|
|
Term
| glucocerebrosidase deficiency, = AUTOSMAL RECESSIVE, lipid/glycogen builds up in liver, spleen, bone marrow |
|
Definition
| what is Gaucher's disease? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a genetic disorder, but also caused by too much iron supplements, hemolysis of blood cells(thallasemia/sickle cell), or transfusions where too much iron builds up in the body |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| deposition of calcium salts in injured or necrotic tissues in the setting of NORMAL calcium levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcification with atherosclerosis of arteries is an example of what kind of calcificaiton? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precipitation of mineral salts from solution and crystallization around foci of organic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposition of calcium in NORMAL tissues in setting of HYPERCALCEMIA |
|
|
Term
1) high PTH due to parathyroid hyperplasia/tumor/ectopic pdxn by malignancy
2) bone destruction
3) vitamin D disorders
4) renal failure(secondary hyperparathyroidism) |
|
Definition
| list the 4 primary causes of hyper calcemia |
|
|
Term
1)accumulation of senescent cells(non-dividing) and depletion of stem cells
2) progressive cell injury with accumulation of metabolic and genetic damage
3)oxidative damage from ROS
4)DNA damage |
|
Definition
| list the known contributors to cell aging |
|
|
Term
| DNA replication in somatic cells |
|
Definition
| what results in the gradual shortening of telomeres |
|
|
Term
| TTAGGG repeats at chromosomal ends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what pigment accumulates with cell aging? |
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