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Cell Growth and Division
Chapter 10
40
Biology
9th Grade
01/02/2013

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Term
DNA Overload
Definition

As cell increasis in size it is harder for DNA to meet all of cell's needs

Extra DNA not made

Term
Rate of Exchanging Materials
Definition
Determined by surface area of the cell
Term
Volume;Surface Area
Definition
As cell grows ______ increases more rapidly than _____
Term
Cell Division
Definition

The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Cell replicates/copies DNA

Term
Cells
Definition
Living things grow by producing more _____
Term
Size
Definition
All cells are the same ____
Term
Length; volume; surface area
Definition
As the ____ of a cell increases, its ____ increases faster than its __________
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Division of nucleus
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Division of cytoplasm
Term
Chromosomes
Definition

Carries genetic info passed through generations

Made up of DNA and proteins

Only visible during cell division

Term
Chromatids
Definition

One of 2 sister parts of a duplicated chromosome

Separate when cell divides

Term
Centromere
Definition

Attaches each pair of chromatids 

Located near middle of chromatids

Term
Interphase
Definition
In between period of growth that separates cell division
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Term
Cell cycle
Definition
During the ____ a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells each of which begins the cycle again
Term
M Phase
Definition
Mitosis + Cytokinesis
Term
S Phase
Definition

Chromosome replication

When copies chromosome, duplicates DNA

Term
G1 + G2
Definition

Between M and S phases

G=Gap

Periods of intense growth and activity

Term
G1 Phase
Definition

Activity, cells do most of growing

Increase size

Synthesis of new proteins/organelles 

Protein synthesis

Cellular Respiration

Term
S Phase
Definition

Chromosomes replicated

DNA molecules synthesize

Key proteins associated w/ chromosomes synthesized

Completes cycle once it enters this phase

Term
G2 Phase
Definition

After DNA replication complete

Shortest of 3

Organelles/molecules in cell division produced

When done, enters M phase + starts cell division

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS of enzymes that control mitosis (cyclins and kinase) 

Term
Mitosis Stages
Definition
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Term
Prophase
Definition

1st/longest phase

50-60% of mitosis

Chromosomes become visible

Condensed chromosomes bbecome attached to fibers in spindle at a point near the centromere of each chromatid

 End: Chromosomes coil tighter and nucleolus disappears nuclear envelope breaks down

Term
Centrioles
Definition

2 tiny structures located near the nuclear envelope in cytoplasm

Separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus in prophase

Term
Spindle
Definition
Help organized by centrosome
Term
Centrosome
Definition

The region where centrioles lie

Fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes

Term
Metaphase
Definition

Lasts only a few mins

Chromosomes line up across Middle of cell

Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the 2 poles of the spindle

Term
Forces of mitotic spindle and centromere
Definition
Moves chromosomes during mitosis
Term
Anaphase
Definition

Centromeres that join sister chromatids split

Sister chromosomes separate + become individual chromosomes

Continue to move until they've separated into 2 groups near poles of spindle

Ends when chromosomes stop moving

Term
Telophase
Definition

Chromosomes disperse into tangle of dense material

Nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes

Spindle begins to break apart

Nucleolus visible in each daugther nucleus

Term
Cytokinesis
Definition

After mitosis, 2 nuclei formed w/in cytoplasm of cell

Division of cytoplasm

Animal cells: cell membrane drawn inward until cytoplasm pinched into 2 nearly equal parts

Each contains own nucleus/cytoplasmic organelles

Plant cells: Cell plate forms midway between divided nuclei

Develops into a separating membrane

Term
Cyclin
Definition

Level rises and falls w/ cell cycle

Seems to regulate cycle

Eukaryotic cells

Term
Regulatory proteins/Internal Regulators
Definition
Term
Events of Cell Cycle in order
Definition
Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis
Term
DNA in what form in Interphase
Definition

Chromatin

Unreplicated (until S phase)

Single Stranded (until S phase)

Term
DNA in what form in Prophase
Definition

Sister Chromatids coiled on histone protein

Replicated

Double stranded

 

Term
DNA in what form in Anaphase
Definition

Sister Chromatids coiled on histone protein

Replicated

Single stranded

Term
DNA in what form in Metaphase
Definition

Sister Chromatids coiled on histone protein

Replicated

Double stranded

Term
DNA in what form in beginning/late Telophase
Definition

Sister chromatids/chromatin

Replicated/unreplicated

Single

 

Term
Sister Chromatids
Definition
2 identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere
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