Term
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Definition
| growth and replication of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| resting phase of time between divisions. occupies most of life of cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| longest of cell phases. lasts hours to days, during which cell growth, maturation, and differentiation occur |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in cell size, occurs during G1 |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in cell number, occurs during mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| replication of DNA prior to division. At the beginning of this phase chromosome number is 2n, at end: 4n |
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Term
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Definition
| prior to replication, each chromosome has _____ chromatid(s) with attached centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| following replication in S phase, each chromosome contains ____ chromatid(s) connected by centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| when replication of centrioles occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| preparation for mitosis occurs in this phase via synthesis of ATP and tubulin for mitotic spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division portion of mitosis itself, consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by karyokinesis (nuclear division, followed by cytokinesis (cell division, to produce 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| during these phases chromosomes condense, become visible, look like coiled snakes |
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Term
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Definition
| phases where chromosomes exist in an unraveled mass |
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Term
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Definition
| phase where capacity of cell division is lost/suspended (permanent or reversible depending on cell type |
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Term
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Definition
| retain capacity for division with proper stimulus (ex: reserve stem cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells lose the capacity to divide (ex: neurons) |
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Term
| karyokinesis and cytokinesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
part of m phase where
1) chromosomes condense and become visible.
2) chromatids held together at kinetochore.
3) MT and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton disaggregate
4) at end of phase nuclear membrane and nucleoli dissapear |
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Term
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Definition
| centrioles migrate to poles of cell, form spindle apparatus with __________ _________ between them |
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Term
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Definition
| dark blue purple (acid attracts basic dye) so nuclear material (acidic) stains |
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Term
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Definition
| turns pink, attracts acidic eosin stain |
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Term
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Definition
1)chromosomes line up along the equator ( __ plate)
2) chromosomes attach to microtubules at kinetochore |
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Term
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Definition
centromeres split apart, chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of cell
pulled by MT connecting centriole and kinetochore |
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Term
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Definition
1)mitotic spindle disagreggates
2)nuclear envelope reassembles, nucleoli reappear |
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Term
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Definition
| during telophase, plasma membrane forms this, marking the beginning of cytokinesis and the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
used to describe the number of cells in a tissue in mitosis at any given time
important in tumors--estimated by counting number of mitotic figures (HPF) -normally <1 unless in liver
(also abnormal nucleocytoplasmic ratio -big nucleus) |
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Term
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Definition
reduction division
involves chromosomal duplication followed by 2 consecutive cell divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual reproduction requires production of haploid gametes via ____ |
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Term
| spermatogenesis/oogenesis |
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Definition
| occurs ONLY in germ cells of males (and in females) |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid ____ produced by fusion of gametes (fertilization) |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous pairs of chromosomes form tetrads with exchange of chromatin via crossing over (chiasmata formation) |
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Term
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Definition
| results in hybrid chromatids different from parents each chromosome pair has potential for crossing over during this phase (23 pairs total in humans) |
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Term
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Definition
| centromeres do not split in this phase in meiosis, but they do in mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| pairing of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| brief interphase 2 with NO replication of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| during the second meiotic division there is no crossing over in this phase where there was in the first one |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cytokinesis yields 4 haploid gametes, each genetically unique |
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Term
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Definition
| number of viable gametes produced by males |
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Term
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Definition
| in female cytoplasmic division is unequal so 1 functional gamete (ovum) and 3 non functional ____ are produced |
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Term
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Definition
phase that female germ cells stop developing after 5th month of gestation in fetal development
remain in this phase until ovulation (12-50 yrs later) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell death, has a wide variety of triggers, occurs in same sequence of events with death of any cell in any tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| certain times in fetal development when apopotosis is to occur |
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Term
1) cells with finite lifespans (epithelia of skin and GI tract)
2) growth and regression of ovarian follicles
3) destruction of virus/tumor infected cells |
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Definition
| things that lead to apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| apoptosis begins with condensation of nuclear chromatin and condensation of the nucleus called |
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Term
| cells swell with influx of water due to loss of ATP to main pumps in cell membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd step of apoptosis. lysosomes release catalytic enzymes into cytoplasm |
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Term
| cyctoplasm becomes bright pink (eosinophilic) due to death of proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| final pathway of apoptosis, normally inactive enzymes are activated |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin in nucleus begins to degenerate (part of apoptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear material begins to fragment and nuclear membrane disintigrates (get basophillic spots in cytoplasm) |
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Term
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Definition
| fragmented nuclear debris, result of apoptosis resulting in dead, necrotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
death of cells as a result of inflammation, traumatic injury, or pathology
(cells are phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils) |
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Term
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Definition
| phase where centrioles replicate |
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Term
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Definition
| phase where Microtubule elements such as the mitotic spindle (not centrioles!) replicate |
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