Term
| Why would it be a problem if Interphase did not occur? |
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Definition
| Cells perform their daily function for the organism during interphase, so without this phase, the organism may not survive. |
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Term
| what is one important event that occurs during metaphase |
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Definition
| theads align in the middle or equator |
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Term
| what are examples of sex cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what are other names for sex cells |
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Definition
| gametes or reproductive cells |
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Term
| what are other names for body cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify 3 important events that occur during Interphase: |
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Definition
• Protein Synthesis for that cell’s daily function
• DNA replication (for the purpose of dividing)
• Grows and makes more organelles |
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Term
| Identify at least 1 important event that occurs during Anaphase: |
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Definition
| • Sister chromatids are separated (Chromosomes are pulled apart) |
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Term
| Identify at least 4 important events that occur during Telophase: |
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Definition
a. Nuclear membrane and Nucleolus reform
b. Chromosomes begin to unravel back to chromatin
c. Spindle Apparatus begins to form cytoskeleton again
d. Cleavage furrow in animal cells or cell plate in plant cells form |
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Term
| Describe the result of cytokinesis: |
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Definition
| After cytokinesis, two genetically identical daughter cells are formed which will grow and perform their daily functions in interphase |
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Term
| describe at least 3 differences between mitosis in animal cells compared to plant cells. |
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Definition
a. Animal cells have centrioles but plant cells do not
b. Animal cells form a cleavage furrow during telophase
c. Plant cells form a cell plate (a new cell wall) during telophase |
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Term
| Identify and describe at least 3 differences between mitosis in animal cells compared to plant cells. |
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Definition
a. Animal cells have centrioles but plant cells do not
b. Animal cells form a cleavage furrow during telophase
c. Plant cells form a cell plate (a new cell wall) during telophase |
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Term
| Why would it be a problem if Prophase did not occur? |
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Definition
| The DNA must be organized into chromosomes in order to be easily moved and separated, also the nucleus must dissolve in order to move the DNA. |
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Term
| Why would it be a problem if Anaphase did not occur properly? |
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Definition
| If Anaphase does not occur properly, the daughter cells may not have the correct number of chromosomes and then may not be able to function. |
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Term
| would it be a problem if cytokinesis did not occur properly? |
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Definition
| Without cytokinesis, there would be one cell with two nuclei, meaning there would be too much DNA in one cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled cell cycle (too much mitosis) causing rapid growth in the number of cells in a particular tissue or organ. |
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Term
| What causes a tumor to form: |
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Definition
| usually a mutation in the genes that control/regulate cell division (mitosis) which leads to the cell not spending enough time in interphase but instead repeatedly dividing. |
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Term
| Distinguish between Benign and Malignant tumors: |
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Definition
| benign tumors are considered non-harmful because they do not affect the function of nearby cells or the organ. Malignant tumors are harmful because they do affect the function of nearby cells and will metastasize. Both are tumors (uncontrolled cell growth). |
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Term
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Definition
| Spread to other parts of the body, thus starting tumors elsewhere in the body. |
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Term
| Which type of tumors metastasize? |
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Definition
| Malignant tumors metastasize; if a benign tumor were to metastasize then it would no longer be benign but change to a malignant tumor. |
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Term
| Explain the importance of crossing over: |
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Definition
| Crossing over creates new combinations of alleles (versions of genes) which allows for the reproductive cells to each be unique. |
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Term
| Define homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| Two chromosomes that code for the same traits (but do not necessarily carry the same alleles for each of those traits.) |
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Term
| What is a tetrad and when does it form? |
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Definition
| A tetrad is a pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis. The 4 sister chromatids will perform crossing over while in tetrad formation. |
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Term
| Compare the 4 daughter cells produced by spermatogenesis and oogenesis. |
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Definition
| Spermatogenesis produced 4 genetically unique sperm cells of equal size. Oogenesis produces 1 large functional egg cell plus 3 polar bodies that contain the extra DNA, but not cytoplasm or organelles. |
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Term
| Which specific stage of the cell cycle is the longest by far? Why is this phase significant to the survival of an organism? |
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Definition
| Interphase is the longest because this is the time that the cell is performing its function for the organism, so cells must spend most of their time doing their job and division must be quick. |
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Term
| 47. What is the purpose of the mitosis portion of a cell’s life cycle? Provide examples of when mitosis takes place in an organism. |
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Definition
| 48. The steps of mitosis are for dividing the chromosomes (DNA) to form new cells. New cells are needed as an organism grows or when cells get old or worn out. Mitosis ensures that each new cell has all the DNA. |
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Term
| 43. How is meiosis advantageous to mitosis when it comes to the survival of a species? |
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Definition
| 44. Meiosis makes new combinations of genes during crossing over, so this means there are new combinations of traits in the next generation since the cells produced by Meiosis are reproductive cells. Mitosis makes new cells, but they each have the same DNA, so this is good for growth and replacing old cells, but not good for reproduction. Having new combinations of traits in offspring means that some may be able to survive better in a changing environment. |
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Term
| 45. Describe the complete role of the cytoskeleton in the cell division part of a cell’s cycle. (What does it get converted into during cell division and what is its job?) |
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Definition
| 46. The cytoskeleton gets converted (disassembled and then reassembled) into the spindle apparatus for cell division. The spindle apparatus is important for moving/dividing the chromosomes for the new cells. After division it becomes the cytoskeleton again in each of the daughter cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time between division, DNA is replicated, protein synthesis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA coils in to chromosomes, tetrad forms for crossing over, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disassemble, centrioles move to opposite sides, and cytoskeleton forms spindle apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| 23. Tetrads (2 homologous chromosomes, each with 2 sister chromatids) align in the middle/along the equator |
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Term
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Definition
| One homologue from each tetrad will migrate to opposite poles (centromeres are NOT broken at this stage, so sister chromatids are still joined.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes are now at teach pole |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| May or may not occur. If it does, the spindle apparatus is reassembled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Centromeres split, sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear in each daughter cell; chromosomes uncoil into chromatin, spindle becomes cytoskeleton again |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytoplasm and cellular organelles are now divided into 4 daughter cells, each genetically unique |
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Term
| how many daughter cells are produced in mitosis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the # of daughter cells produced in meiosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Genetic makeup of daughter cells compared to parent cell (n mitosis) |
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Definition
| Identical to each other and to parent cell |
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Term
| Genetic makeup of daughter cells compared to parent cell (in meiosis) |
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Definition
| 13. Each genetically unique with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| whats the division of mitosis |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the # of daughter cells produced in mitosis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the # of daughter cells produced in meosis |
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Definition
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Term
| protein synthesis occurs in which stage of meisosis |
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Definition
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Term
| somate is another name for ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| gametes or reproductive cells are also known as ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Two chromosomes that code for the same traits (but do not necessarily carry |
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Definition
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Term
| Spread to other parts of the body, thus starting tumors elsewhere in the body. |
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Definition
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