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Cell Cycle
Grade 12 Biology
50
Biology
12th Grade
09/12/2012

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Term
Interphase
Definition
  • Growth
  • Replication of DNA
  • Preparation for division

Most of a cells life cycle 

Term
Prophase
Definition
  • Chromosomes Condense
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Mitotic spindlebegins to form
  • Animal cells: centrioles divide 
Term
Prometaphase
Definition
  • Chromosomes begin to migrate to cell equator.
  • 2 complete spindles at cell poles 
Term
Metaphase
Definition
  • Chromosomes are at metaphase plate
  • Spindle attaches to "kinetochore" of chromosomes at centromere 
Term
Anaphase
Definition
  • Chromatids split apart at centromere
  • Migration of chromatids to cell poles mediated by the kinetochore 
Term
Telophase
Definition
  • Chromosomes decondense
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Cytokinesis: cell membrane divides 
Term
Checkpoint and what it does in G1 checkpoint?
Definition

The cell cycle is a control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle, 3 major checkpoints G1, G2, M phases.

 

G1 Checkpoint

  • Determines if a cell should replicate its DNA from here cells either enter Sphase or G0 
Term
Senescence
Definition
Cells that have stopped dividing
Term
Cdk
Definition

"Cyclin-dependent" kinase

  • Present in a constant amount 
Term
Cyclin
Definition

The Cdk "on switch"

  • made in an increasing amount as the cell moves through interphase 
Term
MPF
Definition

MPF: Mitosis Promotion Factor

Cyclin + Cdk

  • turns on other proteins needed for mitosis

       eg. microtuble formation 

Term
Internal Controls
Definition
Protein molecules that are present in varying concentrations during the cell cycle.
Term
Binary fission
Definition
A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half". In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis: but in single-cell eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.
Term
Parthenogenesis
Definition
A sexual reproduction in which females produce offspring form unfertilized eggs.
Term

The proteins that participate in the check-points for cell cycle control are

Definition
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
Term
Cancer cells are body cells that
Definition
Have uncontrolled division
Term

Chromosomes “decondense” into diffuse chromatin

Definition
At the end of telophase
Term

Crossing over contributes to genetic variation by exchanging chromosomal segments between

Definition
Nonsister chromatids of homologues
Term
Cells that do not divide are usually arrested in
Definition
G1
Term
One reason that human body cells undergo the process of mitosis is
Definition
To repair damaged tissues
Term
Prokaryotic fission occurs in
Definition
Bacteria
Term

By what mechanism do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information during meiosis?

Definition
Crossing over
Term
The total DNA content of each daughter cell is reduced during meiosis because
Definition
Chromosomes do not replicate between meiosis 1 and 2
Term

A common form of reproduction in arthropods involves the development of an adult from an unfertilized egg, called

Definition
parthenogenesis
Term
Nucleosomes are composed of ________ and ________.
Definition
histones; DNA
Term
Which sequence of cell-cycle phase is characteristic of eukaryotes?
Definition
G1 -> S -> G2 -> M -> C
Term
Chromosomes contain large amounts of interacting proteins known as
Definition
Histones
Term

The uncondensed length of human DNA found in chromosomes is _____, wheras a typical cell is 10

μm in length.

Definition
2 meters
Term
The process of programmed cell death is called
Definition
apoptosis
Term
The four haploid nuclei found at the end of meiosis differ from one another in their exact genetic composition. Some of this difference is the result of
Definition
Crossing over during prophase 1
Term
The two copies of each chromosome in somatic cells are called
Definition
Homologous chromosomes
Term
During what stage of meiosis does random alignment of parental chromosomes that causes genetic recombination to occur?
Definition
Prophase 1
Term
How many chromosomes will each new daughter cell have prior to S phase in a cell with 2n =32 chromosomes after it undergoes mitosis followed by cytokinesis?
Definition
32
Term
At what stage of meiotic division does crossing over between homologues take place?
Definition
Mid prophase 1
Term

Which of the following statements is true about both mitosis and meiosis?

Definition
DNA replication occurs once during interphase befroe cell division starts.
Term
All the followeing processes lead to genetic variety except
Definition
Mitosis
Term
How many copies of chromosome 18 would you find in one person's skin cells?
Definition
2
Term
How many chromosomes does a typical bacterial cell contain?
Definition
One
Term
Meiosis and fertilization are important for the surival of many species because these two processes result in
Definition
Genetic variability of offspring
Term
Which of the following does not occcur during mitotic prometaphase?
Definition
Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
Term

If a diploid organism has three pairs of chro-

mosomes (2n=6), how manydifferent combinations

of maternal and paternal chromo- somes can it produce as a result of random assortment?

Definition
8
Term
The mitotic spindle is composed of
Definition
microtubules
Term

What would you call each homologue after it

replicates during the initial phase of mitosis

and the two identical parts of the chromo-

some that remain attached to each other by a

centromere?

Definition
Sister chromatids
Term
Which event causes chiasmata formation?
Definition
Crossing over
Term

A cell observed under microscope had sister

chromatids still attached to each other, and

the nuclear envelope was fragmenting This cell was most likely undergoing

Definition
Prophase
Term
A dividing cell is seen forming a cell plate and reassembling the nuclei in the daughter cells. Which of the followeing is true about these
Definition
Plant cells undergoing telophase andcytokinesis
Term
Centosome
Definition
Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell divison; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
Term
Homologous chromosomes
Definition

A pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci.

One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism's father, the other from the mother. Also called homologs, or a homologous pair.

Term
Chiasma
Definition
The X-shaped, microscopically visible region where homologous nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis, the two homologs remaining associated due to sister chromatid cohesion.
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
The double membrane in a eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm.
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