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| made of coiled chromatin (DNA); responsible for traits; divisions of this are called genes; found in the nucleus of the cell; the genetic material of a cell |
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| a series of steps in which cells produce new cells; controlled by enzymes |
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| the 1st stage of cell division; includes the G0, G1, S, and G2 phases; phase where cells grow and develop, preparing for division |
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| 1st stage of mitosis; stage of mitosis in which the chromatin coils up to become chromosomes |
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| division of a cell's nucleus; a process that results in cell growth; a process in which chromosomes are equally distributed to daughter cells |
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| half of a chromosome; one side of the "x" shape of a chromosome |
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| a structure of the chromosome; a location site where the chromosome attaches to a spindle |
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| made of microtubules; occurs in pairs in the cell; only found during cell division; move to opposite sides of the cell during prophase; contol the alignment and separation of chromosomes |
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| formed of microtubules; "strings" that form from the centrioles; fibers that stretch across the cell and to which chromosomes attach during mitosis |
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| 2nd mitotic phase; stage of mitosis where the chromosomes attach to the spindles at their centromeres and the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell |
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| 3rd stage of mitosis; during this mitotic stage the centromeres split, chromatids are pulled toward opposite sides of the cell |
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| final stage of mitosis; stage of mitosis where the cell membrane begins to pinch toward the center, preparing for the cell to separate; stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms, creating 2 nuclei |
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| an uncontrolled mitotic division; cells divide too fast and get to big, killing the healthy cells that surround them |
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| a segment of a chromosome that has specific information for a trait |
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| a cell that has the full number of chromosomes for an organism; ex: human body cells (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes |
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| a cell that has half the normal number of chromosomes as the somatic (body) cells of an organism; ex: human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, the gametes are haploid (having only 23 chromosomes) |
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| chromosome pairs made of genes for the same traits that are arranged in the same order; pairs of chromosomes that form tetrads during the beinning stages of meiosis |
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| the process through which sex cells (gametes) are developed; process that is responsible for the number of chromosomes being passed on to offspring; process that creates haploid gametes for reproductive purposes |
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| male sex cell; male gamete |
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| female sex cell; female gamete |
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| a fertilized egg; the result of an egg and a sperm uniting |
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| a type of reproduction involving 2 parents; sperm and egg unite to form a single cell, called a fertilized egg (a.k.a. zygote) |
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| part of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material; occurs in prophase I of meiosis; ensures genetic variety within a species |
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