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Cell Cycle and Reproduction
vocabulary for cell cycle unit
24
Biology
10th Grade
01/26/2010

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Term
chromosome
Definition
made of coiled chromatin (DNA); responsible for traits; divisions of this are called genes; found in the nucleus of the cell; the genetic material of a cell
Term
cell cycle
Definition
a series of steps in which cells produce new cells; controlled by enzymes
Term
interphase
Definition
the 1st stage of cell division; includes the G0, G1, S, and G2 phases; phase where cells grow and develop, preparing for division
Term
prophase
Definition
1st stage of mitosis; stage of mitosis in which the chromatin coils up to become chromosomes
Term
mitosis
Definition
division of a cell's nucleus; a process that results in cell growth; a process in which chromosomes are equally distributed to daughter cells
Term
sister chromatid
Definition
half of a chromosome; one side of the "x" shape of a chromosome
Term
centromere
Definition
a structure of the chromosome; a location site where the chromosome attaches to a spindle
Term
centriole
Definition
made of microtubules; occurs in pairs in the cell; only found during cell division; move to opposite sides of the cell during prophase; contol the alignment and separation of chromosomes
Term
spindle
Definition
formed of microtubules; "strings" that form from the centrioles; fibers that stretch across the cell and to which chromosomes attach during mitosis
Term
metaphase
Definition
2nd mitotic phase; stage of mitosis where the chromosomes attach to the spindles at their centromeres and the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
Term
anaphase
Definition
3rd stage of mitosis; during this mitotic stage the centromeres split, chromatids are pulled toward opposite sides of the cell
Term
telophase
Definition
final stage of mitosis; stage of mitosis where the cell membrane begins to pinch toward the center, preparing for the cell to separate; stage of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms, creating 2 nuclei
Term
cancer
Definition
an uncontrolled mitotic division; cells divide too fast and get to big, killing the healthy cells that surround them
Term
gene
Definition
a segment of a chromosome that has specific information for a trait
Term
replicate
Definition
to make a copy of
Term
diploid
Definition
a cell that has the full number of chromosomes for an organism; ex: human body cells (somatic cells) have 46 chromosomes
Term
haploid
Definition
a cell that has half the normal number of chromosomes as the somatic (body) cells of an organism; ex: human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, the gametes are haploid (having only 23 chromosomes)
Term
homologous chromosome
Definition
chromosome pairs made of genes for the same traits that are arranged in the same order; pairs of chromosomes that form tetrads during the beinning stages of meiosis
Term
meiosis
Definition
the process through which sex cells (gametes) are developed; process that is responsible for the number of chromosomes being passed on to offspring; process that creates haploid gametes for reproductive purposes
Term
sperm
Definition
male sex cell; male gamete
Term
egg
Definition
female sex cell; female gamete
Term
zygote
Definition
a fertilized egg; the result of an egg and a sperm uniting
Term
sexual reproduction
Definition
a type of reproduction involving 2 parents; sperm and egg unite to form a single cell, called a fertilized egg (a.k.a. zygote)
Term
crossing over
Definition
part of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material; occurs in prophase I of meiosis; ensures genetic variety within a species
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