Term
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Definition
| super coiled DNA/ protein complex used for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
dna wraps around proteins called histones (forms "nucleosomes")
(there are other steps but will not be on test) |
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Term
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Definition
| protein complex that holds two chromatids together |
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Term
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Definition
one copy of EACH chromosome exists in the nucleus (no pairs)
written as letter "n" where n= chromosome # |
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Term
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Definition
2 copies of each chromosome exists in nucleus
written as 2n |
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Term
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Definition
| non-dividing stages of a cell's life |
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Term
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Definition
| "nuclear" division maintaining chromosome number |
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Term
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Definition
| physical division of cellular contents into 2 daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
first part of interphase in which there is normal cell functioning
[cyclin] is low and [cdk] is high |
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Term
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Definition
second part of interphase in which dna replication takes place
[cyclin] increases and [cdk] is high |
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Term
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Definition
third part of interphase in which there is preparation for nuclear cell division (nucleus becomes enlarged, nucleus become centrally located in hte cell, chromosome supercoiling begin but are not yet visible under CLM)
[cyclin] is high (max) and [cdk] high |
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Term
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Definition
| cell is not in the cell cycle |
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Term
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Definition
spindle fibers begin to form
in early stages the nuclear envolope is still in tact and chromosomes are becoming visible but in late stages it is not visible and chromosomes are fully visible |
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Term
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Definition
| microtubules that assist in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
Kinetochore Microtubule
job is to attach to centromere at a spot called kinetochore |
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Term
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Definition
Non Kinetochore Microtubule
job is to link with each other from opposite sides of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
ALL chromosomes line up along a central plane with KMTs attached to the centromere from opposite sides
NKMTs link with each other from opposite sides |
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Term
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Definition
separation of sister chromatides (no chromosomes) and migration to opposite sides of cell "chromosome walking"
NKMTs lengthen to stretch out animal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes are at opposite sides of the cell (animal cells are lengthened) |
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Term
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Definition
Animal- microfilaments line up parallel with NKMTs and motor proteins pull cell membrane together forming cleavage furrow until separated
Plant: golgi ships out vesicles containing cellulose that fuse together in the center of cell first forming a cell plate and eventually a new cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| unregulated cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| the process during cell division in which the nucleus of a cell is divided into 2 nuclei maintains chromosome # |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division of a diploid cell that reduces chromosome # by 1/2 producing 4 haploid daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces chromosome # by 1/2 because it separates homologous pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| separates sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| each "pair" of chromosomes in a 2n cell |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous pairs cling together and "crossing over" (the exchange of fragments on the "inner" chromatids occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous pairs line up opposite to each other along central plane with a KMT attached only on one side |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of homologous pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| produces 2 haploid daughter cells (each chromosome still has 2 chromatdis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ALL chromosomes line up with KMTs attached to both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| seaparation of sister chromatids (now chromosomes) |
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Term
| Telaphase II/ cytokinesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
homologous pairs assort independant during metaphase I of meiosis
ie: if one chormosome pair lines up with maternal on the left and paternal on the right does not influence how other pairs line up
cell must be a min. of 2n=4 |
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Term
| possibilites of a 2n=4 cell in independant assortment |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sexual lifecycle in animals where only haploid stage is a unicellular gamete |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual lifecycle in fungi where only diploid stage is the unicellular zygote |
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Term
| alternation of gerneration |
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Definition
| sexual lifecycle in plants where both multicellular "n" and multicellular "2n" stages exist |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that carry no secondary sex traits (22 pairs) |
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Term
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Definition
do carry 2 prime sex traits
1 pair (x and/or y) |
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Term
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Definition
| photo of all the replicate chromosomes in a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis. produces a gamete either n+1 or n-1 when fertilized by normal n gamete get either monosomy (1 missing chromosome or trisomy (1 extra chromosome) |
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