Term
| what do the urinary and genital system both develop from, where is it |
|
Definition
| internmediate mesoderm, on posterior wall of abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| were do the excretatory ducts from both the urinary and genital system enter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three kidney systems that develop cranial to caudal |
|
Definition
| pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the pronephros |
|
Definition
| rudimentary, non functions |
|
|
Term
| when does the pronephros develop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 7-10 groups in the cervical region |
|
|
Term
| what does the pronephros consist of |
|
Definition
| vestigial excretiion units |
|
|
Term
| where does the mesonephros and mesonepheric ducts develop |
|
Definition
| upper thoracic to upper lumbar |
|
|
Term
| when does the mesonephros develop |
|
Definition
| when pronephros begins regressing |
|
|
Term
| describe the development of the mesonephros medially |
|
Definition
| excretory tubules appear, S shaped. they acquire glomeruli and form corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the mesonephros laterally |
|
Definition
| tubules enter a longitudinal collecting duct 9woliffian duct) |
|
|
Term
| where is the mesonephros in the middle of month 2 |
|
Definition
| lateral to developing gonad forming a ridge with it |
|
|
Term
| what is the ridge beterrn the developing gonad and mesonephros |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the mesonephros at the end of month 2 |
|
Definition
| excretory tubules ahve degenerated |
|
|
Term
| what is different in the mesonephros in males vs females |
|
Definition
| in males, a few caudal tubules and the mesonepheric duct persist and become part of the genital system |
|
|
Term
| when does the metanephros appear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what s the function of the metanephros |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do excretory units from the metanephros develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the collecting duct of the metanephros develop from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what and where is the ureteric bud |
|
Definition
| outgrowth of the mesonephric duct near the cloaca |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of the collecting duct development |
|
Definition
| ureteric bud penetrates metanephric tissue and branches as it grows |
|
|
Term
| explain how renal calyces and pyramids are made |
|
Definition
| the ureteric bud branches and the 1st generation of major calyces, 2nd generation absorbs the 3ed and 4th forming minor calyces, subsequent generations elongate from the renal pyramids |
|
|
Term
| what does the ureteric bud make KNOW |
|
Definition
| ureter, renal pervis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts, tubules |
|
|
Term
| what does the ureteric bud make KNOW |
|
Definition
| ureter, renal pervis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts, tubules |
|
|
Term
| what does the metanephric tissue covering the collecting tubule form |
|
Definition
| epithelial structures called renal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| what do the renal vesicles form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do capillaries grow into the kidney |
|
Definition
| into the pocket at one end of the tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do the capillaries that grow into the tubules differentiate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the development of the tubule part of the nephron |
|
Definition
| glomerulus and tubule epithelium form renal corpuscle and the other end connects with the collecting tubule then as it grows the PCT, loop, and DCT are made |
|
|
Term
| what are the nephrons derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do the nephrons form |
|
Definition
| through development until birth. they increase in size after birth not number |
|
|
Term
| what happens to kidneys as they grow |
|
Definition
| they loose their lobulations |
|
|
Term
| when does urine production begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of diseases that include kidney or ureter malformations |
|
Definition
| wilms tumor, renal dysplasias and agenesis, congenital polycystic kidney disease, ureter duplication |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in renal dysplasis and agenesis |
|
Definition
| multicystic dysplastic kidney, renal agenesis |
|
|
Term
| what is wrong in a congenital polycystic kidney disease that is autosomal recessive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is wrong in a congenital polycystic kidney disease that is autosomal dominent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what dysruptions can happen tot he ureter |
|
Definition
| partial or complete duplication, ectopic insertions |
|
|
Term
| where does the kidney develop at, where does it move to |
|
Definition
| in the pelvis, moves up into abdomen |
|
|
Term
| what usually causes problems with kidney ascent |
|
Definition
| kidney not fitting through fork of the umbilical arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is horseshoe kidney, what causes this |
|
Definition
| fused lower poles, gets caught on root of inferior mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| what are diseases involved with ascent of the kidney |
|
Definition
| pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cloaca in weeks 4-7 |
|
Definition
| divides into rogenital sinus enterior and anal canal posterior |
|
|
Term
| what does the tip of the urorectal septum form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the urogenital sinus |
|
Definition
| urinary bladder, pelvic part, phallic part |
|
|
Term
| from what part of the urogenital sinus does the bladder form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe what happens in development of the bladder to the allantos |
|
Definition
| it is initially continous with the bladder, when it obliterates it leaves the uracus that connects apex of bladder to umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what does the urachus become |
|
Definition
| median umbilical ligament |
|
|
Term
| what forms the trigone area of the bladder |
|
Definition
| during differentationof the cloaca the distal portion of the mesonepheric duct is incorporated to form it |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the ureters from the mesonephric ducts making them enter the bladder seperatly |
|
Definition
| the distal portion of the mesonephric ducts forming the trigone of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| what do the new distal mesonephric duct segments become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus make |
|
Definition
| prostatic and membranous part of the uretha in male |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the phallic part of the urogenital sinus in development |
|
Definition
| flattened from side to side and pulled ventral with growht of genital tubricle forming penile urethra in male |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the epithelium of the prostatetic urethra at the end of the third month in males |
|
Definition
| it proliferates and forms outgrowths into the surround mesenchyme forming prostatic gland |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the epithelium of the prostatetic urethra at the end of the third month in females |
|
Definition
| outgrowths of the urethra epithelium form urethral and paraurethral glands |
|
|
Term
| what is the key to sexual dimorphism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the master gene that influences male development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do gonads become male or female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do gonads initially form |
|
Definition
| longitudinal ridges by epithelial proliferation and mesoderm condensation |
|
|
Term
| when do germ cells arrive at the gonads |
|
Definition
| 6 week after migration from yolk sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no distingushing male or female features |
|
|
Term
| what do the germ cells do when they arrive to the indifferent gonad |
|
Definition
| populate cords of epithelial cells that penetrated mesenchyme of gonad from the surface (primitive sex cords) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the primitive sex cords if the embryo is male |
|
Definition
| continue to proliferate and penetrate deep into medulla forming testis or medullary cords |
|
|
Term
| once medullary cords form in a male, what happens to them |
|
Definition
| near the hilum they break up into thin strands and become rete testes |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the testis cords from surface epithelium |
|
Definition
| dense CT, tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the testis cords in month 4 |
|
Definition
| they become horse shoe shaped, they ends are continous with rete testis |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cords in month 4 |
|
Definition
| they are made of primitive germ cells and sertoli cells derived from surface epithelium |
|
|
Term
| when do leydig cells form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do leydig cells come from |
|
Definition
| mesenchyme of gonadal ridge |
|
|
Term
| where are the leydig cells |
|
Definition
| interstitium between cords |
|
|
Term
| when do leydig cells begin to make testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the testosterone from the leydig cells do for development |
|
Definition
| influences differentation of genital ducts and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the testis cords at puberty |
|
Definition
| they go from solid to developing lumens becomes seminiferous tubules that join with the rete testis tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do the rete testis connect to after puberty |
|
Definition
| connect to ducruli efferentes |
|
|
Term
| what are the ductuli efferentes derived from |
|
Definition
| remaining excretory tubules of the mesonephros |
|
|
Term
| what does the ductuli efferentes connect to |
|
Definition
| mesonephric or wollian duct |
|
|
Term
| what becomes the epiditymis, ductus deferens and semial vesicle |
|
Definition
| mesonephric or wollian duct |
|
|
Term
| where does the ducts terminate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the primitive sex cords in females, where are they, what do they turn into |
|
Definition
| dissociate into seperate cell clusters that occupy medilla of ovary and later dissipear leaving vascular stroma of the medulla of mature ovaries |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the surface epithelium in female embryos, where is it, what does it do |
|
Definition
| continues to proliferate and form second generation of cords, cortical cords, that penetrate into ovary but remain near surface |
|
|
Term
| what happens to corticol cords in month 4 |
|
Definition
| split into isolated cell clusters surrounding one or more germ cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens to germ cells of female |
|
Definition
| differentiate into oogonia |
|
|
Term
| what happens to epithelial cells of female embryo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are follicular cells derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do follicular cells form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the peremesonephric or mullerian duct come from |
|
Definition
| longitudinal invagination of epithelium on urogenital ridge |
|
|
Term
| where does the mullerian duct open into cranially |
|
Definition
| abdominal cavity, and meets the duct from the opposite side |
|
|
Term
| how is the uterine canal formed |
|
Definition
| mullerian ducts from opposite sides meet and fuse and the caudal top projects into posterior wall of urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| what gives rise to the uterine tubules, uterus, superior vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after mullerian duct contacts urogenital sinus, 2 sinovaginal bulbs grow as sold vaginal plate at end of the duct, proliferation lifts the duct tissue from the wall or urogenital sinus and forms a column of tissue between structures that cannilizes forming lower vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the vagina |
|
Definition
| upper from paramesonepheric ducts, lower from the urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| what seperates the lumen of the vagina from the urogenital sinus |
|
Definition
| hymen, thin plate of tissue |
|
|
Term
| when do the cloacl folds form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cloacl folds, what are they formed by |
|
Definition
| slightly elevated folds around the cloacl membrane formed by cells that migrated from primitive streak |
|
|
Term
| what forms the genital tubercle |
|
Definition
| the cranial to the cloacl membrane of the cloacl folds |
|
|
Term
| what do the cloacl folds subdivide into caudally |
|
Definition
| urethral folds anterior and anal posterior |
|
|
Term
| where do the genital swellings appear |
|
Definition
| lateral to urethral folds |
|
|
Term
| what do genital swellings turn into in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the genital swellings turn into in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the indeifferent stage of genitalia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain male external genitalia development |
|
Definition
| rapid elongation of genital tubercle (phallus) that pulls urethral folds forawrd forming walls of urethral groove |
|
|
Term
| where does the urethral groove extend along |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the epithelial lining of the urethral groove form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the penile urethra, when |
|
Definition
| at the end of the third month the two urethral folds close over the urethral plate |
|
|
Term
| when is the most distal part of the urethra formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the more distal part of the urethra, how |
|
Definition
| ectoderm cells from tip of glans penetrate inward and form a short epithelial cord that forms a lumen connecting with penile urethra lumen proximally and forms external urethral meatus |
|
|
Term
| where do the scrotal swellings arise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain how the scrotal swellings move |
|
Definition
| caudally forming half the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| what are defects in the male genitalia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the development of the external female genitalia |
|
Definition
| genital tubercle elongates slightly forming clitoris, urethral folds do not fuse and form labia minora, genital swellings enlarge forming labia majora, urogenital groove is open forming vestibule |
|
|
Term
| explain the descent of the testes time line |
|
Definition
| reach inguinal region by 12 weeks, migrate through inguinal canal at 28 weeks, reach scrotum 33 weeks, mostly in scrotum at birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of testicles to descent |
|
|
Term
| what is cryptorchidism associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of cryptorchidism |
|
Definition
| failure to make sperm, cancer risk |
|
|
Term
| explain the descent of the ovaries |
|
Definition
| go to just below rim of true pelvis posterior to broad ligament |
|
|
