Term
|
Definition
single cuboidal cell layer
keratinocyte divides here
attached to basement membrane
keratin filaments (tonofilament) surround nucleus->desmosomes
supranuclear melanin granules
wound repair-lateral migration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
between basale and granulosum
multilayer cuboidal
initial step of vitamin D synth
synthesize lamellar bodies with lipid complexes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
between spinosum and corneum
keratinocyte becomes squamous
keratohyalin granules (histidine complex)
secretion of lamellar bodies
keratinization begins and makes waterproof |
|
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Term
|
Definition
top layer
keratohyalin becomes keratin filaggrin (binds keratin bundle)
organelles dissolve, DNA fragments
most variable layer of thickness |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fully keratinized cell in stratum corneum |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| keratinocytes divide excessively and immature cells reach surface |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| papilloma infection of keratinocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basal layer
round to columnar cell
lack desmosomes
packages melanin into melanosomes for keratinocytes
UV light stimulates more melanin production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| determined by content and distribution of melanin, not melanocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wander in stratum spinosum with odd shaped condensed nuclei
derived from blood monocyte
role in antigen presentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clear halo around dense nucleus above stratum basale
immune surveillance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mechanosensory
light touch sensing abundant in fingers
neurosecretory granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hemidesmosomes
lamina lucida
lamina densa
sublamina densa
anchoring fibrils |
|
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Term
|
Definition
immediately after plasma membrane
heparan sulfate
proteoglycan
laminin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defect in keratin or basement membrane component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80% collagen
2% elastin
18 % glycosaminoglycans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
top layer of dermis
type III Collagen
loose connective
capillary loops and nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deepest layer of dermis
dense connective tissue
type I collagen
proteoglycans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adipose tissue for insulation and storage
nerve/vascular tract
secretory portion of glands |
|
|
Term
| fibroblast-dermis/subdermis |
|
Definition
| collagen, elastic, glycosaminoglycans |
|
|
Term
| macrophages-dermis-subdermis |
|
Definition
| mostly in papillary dermis |
|
|
Term
| mast cells-dermis/subdermis |
|
Definition
| around vessels, glands, hair follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
end in stratum granulosum
touch and temperature sensitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deep dermis and hypodermis
mechanoreceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tip of dermal papillae
touch receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanoreceptor sensitive to collagen displacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidermal cells adjacent to dermal papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dermal cells around root sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| links connective tissue sheath to papillary dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large follicular hair (scalp, beard) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short and fine hair (small follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth ceases and matrix regresses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
holocrine
outgrowth of external root sheath
lubricates and protects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sebum and anaerobic bacteria impaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
merocrine
temp regulator over entire body
dark and clear cells
enters epidermis at base of epidermal peg
duct is stratified cuboidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
palms and soles first
adrenergic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cholinergic
forehead and scalp first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
merocrine
source of BO
axilla, areola, nipple, genitalia, circumanal
associated with hair follicles
secretory-simple epithelium
duct-stratified cuboidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dermal epidermal junction flattened
decreased resistance to shear stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proliferation slows, epidermis becomes thinner
longer repair time
melanocyte # decreases
decreased UV protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
haphazard sizing and spacing
photoconversion of Vit D is decreased
decreased langerhans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less cohesive
decreased moisture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fewer elastic fibers that thicken
skin becomes lax and loses resiliency
wrinkles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulates less wavy fibers
decreased collagen synthesis and altered cross linking
stiffer, more susceptible to damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
senescent fibroblasts cause delayed wound healing b/c of low synthesis
decreased macrophages, mast cells, and less secretion
less protection, weaker repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased activity
thermoregulatory issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat decreases
less cushion increases pressure ulcers and foot problems
hypothermia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extramedullary (mesoblastic, hepatic)
medullary/myeloid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prenatal extramedullary phase
second week of embryo
blood islands arise in yolk sac
basophilic cells differentiate into erythroblasts (retain nucleus)
embryonic hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sixth week of embryo
blood islands arise in liver
two months spleen begins productions
anucleated RBC
fetal hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
begins with formation of ossification centers
fifth month of gestation to death |
|
|
Term
| extramedullary hematopoiesis |
|
Definition
| bone marrow failure leads to liver spleen hematopoiesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary nutrient artery in diaphysis percolates through marrow in venous sinuses
empties into central sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly branched, flat endothelial barrier in bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extravascular compartment
reticular cells, adipocytes, macrophages, plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibroblast like suppoprt cells that secrete reticular matrix
some growth factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supportive function in bone
reserve source of reticular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remove defective cells
includes nurse cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specialized macrophage that cares for RBC
gives growth factor, nutrient, iron, and phagocytoses extruded nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce antibodies for the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4-5 years adipocytes increase to form yellow marrow
vertebrae, sternum, ribs, iliac crest remain red marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transcellular migration from stroma through endothelial cells to sinus lumen
pore formed by plasma membrane invagination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irradiation of mice, transplant of marrow, and colony forming units defined based on progeny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
undifferentiated
progressively restricted
self-renewing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pluripotent-can form an of 3 germ layers, but nothing extra-embryonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple cell lineage types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hematopoietic growth factors that are context specific
erythropoietin
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EPO
released by the kidney upon hypoxia
stimulates replication of CFU-E that are precursors to dedicated RBC lineage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
granulocyte colony stimulating factor
elevates low neutrophil counts
induces mobilization of stem cells to peripheral blood for marrow transplants |
|
|
Term
| stain for hematopoietic examination |
|
Definition
wright giemsa
accentuate nuclear and cytoplasmic differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
platelet production
arises from megakaryoblasts, diploid nucleus, multi-lobed and highly polyploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in platelet fields (invaginations of tubules of membrane)
project proplatelets into vascular sinus to break off
1200 platelets per proplatelet |
|
|
Term
| erythropoiesis change through lineage |
|
Definition
decrease in size
Hb production
loss of organelles
basophilic to eosinophilic (polyribosome to Hb)
cytoplasm condensation
nuclear extrusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, round central nucleus
diffuse chromatin
basophilic due to high polyribosome activity
proliferative potential
1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
condensed/fragmented nucleus
cytoplasm is basophilic still
Hb begins synthesis
rare
2 |
|
|
Term
| polychromatophilic erythroblast |
|
Definition
nucleus becomes more condensed
polychromatic cytoplasm
loss of proliferative potential
3 |
|
|
Term
| orthochromatic erythroblast |
|
Definition
nucleus and chromatin are very condensed
eosinophilic
nucleus is eccentric for extrusion
4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some organelles but no nucleus
maturation takes 1 day in spleen
indicator of RBC formation
5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of all cellular organellles
biconcave shape
6 |
|
|
Term
| RBC factors for production |
|
Definition
| EPO, iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
takes 7-8 days
heavily influenced by cytokines-IL-1, GM-CSF, G-CSF
three lineages for neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remain in marrow 5 days after production
circulate for 6 hours, migrate to peripheral tissue
live 2-5 days
Reserve is kept in marrow for mobilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non circular, marginated nucleus
blue cytoplasm (high rough ER content)
has replicative potential
1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulation of specific granules
oval nucleus
retains replicative potential
specific granules determine eosinophil, neutrophil, or basophil from here
2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oval to indented nucleus
loss of rough ER and granules show color
no replicative potential
3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all metamyelocytes are released into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature cytoplasm
horseshoe shape nucleus
4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physical/chemical bariers like skin
phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, large granular lymphocytes
unaffected performance based on previous exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foreign substance recognition based on antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small peptide of foreign object recognized by immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immunocompetent, but havent encountered their antigen
specificity determined by receptor
when activated, specificity is maintained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B lymphocytes differentiated into plasma cells
secrete antibodies (glycoprotiens) that bind to antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucosal environment part of humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds mast cell for humoral immunity to cause degranulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T lymphocyte that react to cell bound antigen
activated cells often secrete cytokines instead of antibodies
Tc, Th, Treg cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kill targets direction when receptor is bound
useful for viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete cytokines-paracrine
recruits macrophages
support Tc generation
promote activation of B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce cytokines that inhibit immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
naive cells recognize their antigen
B cell encounters
T cell encounters by presentation by APC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
effectors are produced in lymphoid organs
produces clones of single specificity
differentiation of B cell to plasma cells
Tc, Th cells are produced. produce cytokines for upreg of all |
|
|
Term
| Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) |
|
Definition
usually dendritic cells, macrophage too, but less efficient
present in connective tissue (langerhans) migrate to lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibodies and Tc/Th cells clear the antigen
takes place in periphery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
produce naive B/T cells
bone marrow/thymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
naive cells respond to antigens and generate effect
lymph node, spleen, mucosal lymphoid tissue
many APC present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
naive lymphocytes randomly circulate throughout organs
patrol body this way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dense connective tissue capsule pierced by afferent lymphatics
lymph sinuses connect afferent/efferent
major blood enter/exit at hilum with efferent lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| afferent->subcapsular sinus->follow trabeculae->converge into medullary sinuses->efferent lymphatic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
structural support type I collagen in capsule/trabecula
fine support of reticular fiber (type III) around reticular cells
conduits for antigen and cell movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete reticular fibers
secrete factors for lymphoid tissue organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigen presentation occurs, naive lymphocytes are activated, and differentiation into effectors occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B cells accumulate and activate in follicles
full maturation to plasma doesnt occur here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
germinal, pale center of follicel
B cell activation underway
proliferating cells, differentiating cells, apoptotic cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T lymphocyte activation occurs without follicles
APC Accumulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| network of cellular cords with sinuses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood vessels, reticular cells, macrophages (for particulates)
non-reacting naive cells outbound
plasma cells that remain and secrete antibodies into lymph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less intensely stained
contains lymph, reticular cells and fibers, lymphocytes, and immature plasma cells
discontinuous, plump endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
once active, are carried to node and settle in deep cortex
reticular network is baffle
filtration occurs by macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from bloodstream postcapillary venules in deep cortex
ednothelium is high cuboidal, not squamous cells
diapedesis-1 way trip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tonsil, appendix, Peyer's patches in ileum
equivalent of cortex below mucosal epithelia
follicles, but no medulla
no afferent lymph, but efferent
M cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take up and transport antigens from intestinal epithelium to underlying lymph tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
renal corpuscles
convoluted and straight tubules
collecting tubules
blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
striations that are formed by straight tubules and collecting tubules
begin in cortex and enter medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| renal pyramid, cortical region above it, 1/2 of each cortical column beside it |
|
|
Term
| order of filtration nephron |
|
Definition
glomerulus, bowman's capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
proximal straight tubule
descending thin limb
ascending thin limb
thick ascending limb
macula densa
distal convoluted tubule
collecting tubule |
|
|
Term
| cortical or subcapsular nephron |
|
Definition
corpuscle located in outer part of cortex
short loop of henle, just touches medulla
filtration, but not much concentration of urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corpuscles near inner cortex
long loop of henle
most important in concentrating urin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glomerulus, afferent and efferent arteriole, bowman's capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of corpuscle where arterioles enter and exit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space between parietal and visceral layer of glomerulus and capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
visceral layer of bowman's capsule
long processes that branch and contact glomerular basement membrane
form filtration slit as final filtration barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows passage of water, ions, and small molecules
fenestrated endothelium with basement barrier as filter |
|
|
Term
| glomerular basement membrane |
|
Definition
ion selective filter and size barrier
fusion of endothelial basal lamina and podocyte lamina
lamina lucida interna, densa, and externa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adjacent to capillary
rich in poly anions that prevent loss of negatively charged molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fused portion of basal laminae
type 4 collagen organized as a mesh. 70 kD barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adjacent to podocyte processes
prevents negatively charged molecules from entering filtrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| terminal branch of podocye that contacts the glomerular basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phagocytic layer with mesangial cells that remove trapped/aggregated residues
cleans the glomerular filter
located inside the glomerular basement membrane
structural support for podocyte or vascular pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reabsorbs 65% of filtrate plus molecules
some proteins by endocytosis
brush border with infolded basal processes
basal striations from elongated mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
create and maintain the high osmolarity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| permeable to water, and hypertonicity of medulla draws water out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relatively impermeable to water, but thin ascending allows salt diffusion into medulla
thick ascending limb actively transports salt into interstitium
total effect is creating hypotonicity |
|
|
Term
| juxtaglomerular apparatus |
|
Definition
| includes efferent and afferent arterioles, macula densa, juxtagolumerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
last section of thick ascending limb
epithelial cells are thick and tall
senses osmolarity of filtrate and controls release of renin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
regulates blood pressure and filtrate osmolarity by renin secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less abundant b/c less convoluted
simple cuboidal epithelium, thinner than proximal tubule with wider lumen
no brush border
site for sodium reabsorption under control of aldosterone (increases Na Abs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filtrate from distal tubule empties here into collecting ducts (bellini)
contribute urea to urine and create high osmolarity
control concentration of urine by response to Arginine vasopressin (AVP, ADH, antidiuretic hormone from posterior pituitary) causing higher permeability and decreased urine |
|
|
Term
| cortical efferent arterioles |
|
Definition
lead to peritubular capillary network surrounding uriniferous tubules
function in resporption of water and ions |
|
|
Term
| juxtamedullary efferent arterioles |
|
Definition
form peritubular capillaries as well, but descend into medulla along loop of henle
called vasa recta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maintains high osmolarity of medulla with permeability to sald and water
osmolarity increases with depth into medulla
ascending section loses salt and regains water allowing loop of henle to get nutrient without diminishing it's function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted by peritubular interstitial cells of juxtamedullary region in the cortex |
|
|
Term
| proximal tubule cell (endocrine) |
|
Definition
active form of vitamin D from calcidiol
regulated by parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ducts of bellini (renal papillae) into minor calyx
then major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter and bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transitional epithelium that is impermeable to salt and water
thickness increases from kidney to urethra
urothelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conduct urine from renal pelvis to bladder
opening of ureter compressed by distended bladder
muscle layer-inner longitudinal, outer circular, outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle layer (longitudinal followed by circular) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shrink from loss of cortex
increased sclerotic glomeruli, atrophied tubules, fibrosis and more connective tissue
function decreases, increasing suscptibility to electrolyte imbalance and dehydration as well as pharma response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin epithelium increases infection rate
incontinence due to decreased nerve and muscle function |
|
|
Term
| naive lymphocyte recirculation |
|
Definition
enter lymph node via HEV b/c of ligand-receptor surface interaction
migrate to medullary cords, sinuses, and efferent lymph is antigen not encountered |
|
|
Term
| dissemination of effector cells |
|
Definition
plasma cells mature in periphery while immature cells migrate down medullary cords, secreting antibody
IgA plasma cells migrate via blood to mucosal epithelium and some glands to mature there |
|
|
Term
| effector T cell dissemination |
|
Definition
lose receptor for HEV and get peripheral tissue venule receptor
non lymph tissues, t cells just wander and leave via lymphatics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red pulp, white pulp, marginal zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
splenic tissue with blood
largest section
filters foreign matter, removes reticulocyte organelles, and damaged RBC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulation of lymph tissue
largest of lymphoid organs functions like cortex of lymph nodes
surrounds central arteries
periarterial lymphatic sheath contains T cells
dendritic cells
follicles (B cells) displace central artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extravascular space within billroth's strands allows for filtration |
|
|
Term
| venous sinuses (red pulp) |
|
Definition
begin in pulp and converge into veins
anastomose and irregular
has basal membrane
endothelial cells are long and plump, parallel to vessel axis |
|
|
Term
| billroth's strands (red pulp) |
|
Definition
reticular connective tissue between sinuses
collects blood and reticular cells, macrophages, and plasma cells as well as all blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type I collagen and fibroblasts with large blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fine support abundant in billroth's strands and white pulp
not in sinus wall, which are actually basal lamina material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
central artery branches into small, then penicillar arterioles, which become short capillaries surrounded by macrophages
blood flows into billroth's strands, baffled by reticulum
blood reenters by passing between endothelial cells through slits, via discontinuous basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filtration of blood with large number of macrophages
testing area for cells and destruction of old cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary lymphoid organ for immunocompetent T cells |
|
|
Term
| thymal lymphocyte life cycle |
|
Definition
lymphocytes originate from bone marrow and T cells migrate to thymus
naive cells produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anterior to great vessels with 2 lobes, largest in childhood, replaced by fat in adults
collagenous septa separate lobes, incompletely
outer cortex more dense with lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
larger vessels and mast cells in septa
stellate epithelial cells provide structural support
epithelial cells produce factors essential for T cell development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microenvironment for T cell production
dense thymocyte accumulation with macrophages and dendritic cells near junction with medulla
proliferation followed by differentiation occurs in journey through cortex
no afferent lymph to prevent antigen taining
macrophages phagocytose apoptotic cells |
|
|
Term
| thymus proliferation/differentiation |
|
Definition
development of antigen and other surface receptors
reticular cells control process with secreted factors
rigorous selection process to filter out autoreactive cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
at level of cortical capillaries
occulding junction between endothelial cells containing macrophages
wrapped by processes of epithelial reticular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial reticular cells more prominent, fewer lymphocytes
not part of blood thymus barrier, allowing T cells to leave
round epithelial cysts called Hassall's corpuscles (diagnostic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreated proportion of T cells and lower immune response
dysfunctional immune response due to decrease of antigen presenting cells
latent infections more likely, needing vaccinations |
|
|
Term
| endocrine characteristic of secretion |
|
Definition
| highly vascularized with sinusoids and capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulator of endocrine glands
located immediately above pituitary in brain
regulated through feedback inhibition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of feedback inhibition leads to hormone excess
damage to tissue causes deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
called master gland
controlled by hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anterior pituitary developed from Rathke's pouch
pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis
glandular epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
andeohypophysis
bulk of the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenohypophysis
thin wall of cells between pars distalis and nervosa
produces proopiomelanocortin and alpha MSH in fetal development
regresses after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenohypophysis
contains portal veins and forms collar around infundibulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acidophilic
secrete growth hormone
targets liver to make insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) |
|
|
Term
| mammotropes (lactotropes) |
|
Definition
acidophilic
secretes prolactin
promotes mammary secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
basophilic
adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
regulates adrenal cortisol production |
|
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Term
|
Definition
basophilic
secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
regulate gonadal steroid production and gamete production |
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Term
|
Definition
basophilic
secretes thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
regulates thyroid production of thyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| significance of pituitary stalk |
|
Definition
| carries axons from neurosecretory cells to the posterior pituitary and bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
carries secretions from hypothalamic nerves to anterior pituitary
composed of capillary plexus in median eminence and pituitary stalk
travels through pars tuberalis to distalis and secondary plexus where releasing factors bind receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corticotropin releasing hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groth hormone overproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
posterior pituitary
pars nervose and infundibulum
storage site for neurosecretions from hypothalamus neurons
pituicyte and Herring bodies included |
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Term
|
Definition
cell specific to neurohypophysis
support cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| stores hormones produced by hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
posterior pituitary
produced in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
stimulates activity of myopeithelial cells around mammary alveoli
stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in pregnant uterus |
|
|
Term
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
located in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
decreases urine volume by removing water from new urine
decreases rate of perspiration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
controls melatonin related to light stimulation
contains pinealocytes and neuroglial cells
brain sand as well |
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Term
|
Definition
pineal gland
larger paler common cell
secretes melatonin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| smaller dense nuclei of pineal gland |
|
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Term
|
Definition
pineal precipitate of calcium and magnesium phosphate
correlated with age |
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Term
|
Definition
produces thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) that regulate cell/tissue metabolism
produces calcitonin for calcium metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
thyroid cells that surround the follicle and secrete T3/T4
simple cuboideal epithelium with tight junctions
contains fluid-colloid
controlled by TSH from anterior pituitary
accumulate pigment in aged |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contains thyroglobulin, precursor for T3/T4 |
|
|
Term
| parafollicular cells (C Cells) |
|
Definition
arise from neural crest cells
produce and secrete calcitonin, stimulated by high calcium
scattered in periphery of follicular epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
secreted by parafollicular cells
targets kidney and bone (osteoclast) |
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Term
|
Definition
enlarged thyroid, overproduction of thyroid hormone
protrusion of eyeball (exophthalmic goiter)
antibody to TSH receptor stimulates production of T3/T4 |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
embedded in thyroid
composed of chief and oxyphil cells (epithelial) |
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Term
|
Definition
must abundant in parathyroid
secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
small polygonal cells with central nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
minor portion of parenchymal
more prevalent in aged
granules composed of mitochondria |
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Term
|
Definition
regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood
sensitive to blood calcium, targets bone and kidney |
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Term
|
Definition
| excess PTH that leads to weak bones, high calcium levels, and calcium deposits in kidney and blood vessel |
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Term
|
Definition
| mostly cortical tissue (steroid production) |
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Term
|
Definition
zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
narrowest outer zone
stimulated by angiotensin II or K+ levels
produces aldosterone
regulates salt balance |
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Term
|
Definition
largest of cortical zones in the middle
stimulated by ACTH
secretes cortisol
regulates carbohydrate metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inner zone with 5-25% cortical volume
secretes dehydroepiandosterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate)-highest level of all steroids
acts as androgen precursor
stimulated by ACTH and others |
|
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Term
|
Definition
catecholamine secreting section
modified postganglionic neuronal cells (chromaffin cells) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
adrenal medulla
one population contains dark granules and secretes NE
other populations are smaller and more homogenous secretes epinephrine
activated by sympathetic nervous system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| secreted cortex zona fasciculata converts NE to adrenalin in medullary cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
suprarenal arteries branch and give rise to capsular capillaries, sinusoids, and medullary arterioles
medulla has medullary arterioles and venous blood from cortical sinusoids |
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Term
|
Definition
decreased adrenocortical hormones from tissue destruction
from TB or chronic disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pituitary tumor secretes too much ACTH and produces too much cortisol from fasciculata |
|
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Term
|
Definition
endocrine cells of pancreas
has alpha, delta, and beta cells
beta cells dominate center, delta cells are interspersed, and alpha cells are in a ring around the edge |
|
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Term
|
Definition
20% of islet of langerhans
secrete glucagon in response to hypoglycemia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
10% of islet of langerhans
secrete somatostatin
paracrine secretion inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
60% of islet of langerhans
secrete insulin to hyperglycemia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| insulin dependent (type I) or insulin independent (type II) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
body doesn't properly use or produce insulin
6th leading cause of death, leading cause of blindness, renal failure, and amputation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
corneoscleral
choroid
retina |
|
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Term
|
Definition
outermost layer of eye
cornea is central important for focusing
sclera is laterally located (white of eyes) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| middle layer containing vasculature |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| innermost layer with photosensitive neurons as well as supporting cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed by blood retinal barrier and aqueous barrier |
|
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Term
|
Definition
protection
support
filtration of wavelength
focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
bowman's membrane
stroma
descemet's membrane
corneal endothelium
lack of blood vessels or pigments with numerous free nerve endings |
|
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Term
|
Definition
corneal layer of random collagen fibrils formed by stroma
barrier to infection
non-regenerable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most of the corneal thickness
orthogonal alternating layers of cells and collagen (keratocytes)
continuous with sclera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick basal lamina of endothelium
densely packed collagen
barrier to macromolecule diffusion between stroma and anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
regulates stromal water content and contacts anterior chamber |
|
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Term
|
Definition
nearsightedness-inability to focus on distant objects
cornea is too far from retina |
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Term
|
Definition
farsightedness-inability to focus on nearby objects
cornea is too close to retina |
|
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Term
|
Definition
light isn't' focused on the retina
aspherical cornea |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| incision near center of cornea to correct mild myopia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incision on steepest part of cornea to correct astigmatism |
|
|
Term
| photorefractive keratotomy |
|
Definition
| use laser to correct by removing part of corneal epithelium |
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|
Term
| laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) |
|
Definition
| laser used to remove part of stroma but not epithelium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
junction of cornea and sclera
disappearance of Bowman's membrane
presence of vasculature |
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Term
|
Definition
lines inner surface of eyelid and eye beyond cornea
epithelium is continuous with skin epithelium but has goblet cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
capsule
lens fibers
zonules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly refractive structure of collagen and proteoglycans
IS a basal lamina of type IV collagen
cuboidal cells only on anterior side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
each cell extends entire width of lens
anuclear and connected with gap junctions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
elastic microfibrils-fibrillin
supports lens |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of lens elasticity, compromising focus and lose of close focus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of transparency of lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photoreception and transmission of light, as well as backscatter prevention
attached to choroid
abundant in melanocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
retinal pigmented epithelium
rods and cones
outer limiting membrane
external nuclear layer
external plexiform layer
internal nuclear layer
internal plexiform layer
ganglion cell layer
nerve fiber layer |
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|
Term
| retinal pigmented epithelium |
|
Definition
adjacent to choroid and pigmented to prevent backscattering
phagocytose photoreceptor debris
tight junctions help form blood-retinal barrier |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| photosensitive modified dendrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of tight junctions between neurons and Muller glial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend from anterior surface of retina to fill retinal space not occupied by other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains cell bodies of photoreceptor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains axons of photoreceptor cells
contains processes of bipolar horizontal and amacrine cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies of bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains dendrites of ganglion cells and axons
exit through optic nerve
contains circadian rhythm cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
innermost layer of retina that contains axons of ganglion cells
contains most of the vasculature
extensive tight junctions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
vision of low light, black/gray
absent from fovea and increase with distance from fovea
contains rhodopsin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vitamin A derived light sensitive cofactor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
color vision and most abundant in fovea
has iodopsin varieties for colors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
visual axis that marks greatest visual acuity
highest density of photoreceptors devoid of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yellow pigmented zone around fovea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site where optic nerve joins retina
blind spot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regulates amount of light to retina
disk shaped with dilator pupillae and constrictor pupillae muscles
posterior epithelium is pigmented to restrict light
anterior epithelium contains melanin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arranged radially around pupil causing enlargement |
|
|
Term
| constrictor pupillae muscle |
|
Definition
| arranged circumferentially near pupil and cause contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
highly vascularized containing fibroblasts and melanocytes
determines eye color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 epithelial layers that face each other
outer layer pigmented and continuous with iris
inner layer produces zonules anchored to basal lamina
highly vascularized stroma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accomodation of lens and thickness control
zonules connect and hold lens in place
ciliary muscle loosens tension on zonules when contracted, allowing lens to thicken
produces aqueous humor from 2 epithelial cell layers-pumping required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluid within ciliary processes 13 mmHg
posterior and anterior chambers 20mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aqueous exits anterior through trabecular meshwork near junction of iris and limbus
lined by leaky endothelium
flows into canal of schlemm that leads to episcleral veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| buildup of fluid pressure in eye caused by imbalance of aqueous humor flow |
|
|
Term
| Air conducting components |
|
Definition
| nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| Velocity as air deepens in pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
warms air with dense capillary bed and turbulence
olfactory sensory area
precipitates particulates from air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
creates eddies in air for warming and precipitation
increases surface area for warming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified squamous where air enters
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with interspersed goblet cells elsewhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
upper 1/3 to 2/3 of cavity with 3 cell types
sustentacular cells
olfactory bulb cells
basal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dendritic surface with modified cilia
basal surface forms axon that projects olfactory nerve
cilia contain olfactory receptors (GPCR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area where vocal cords reside
pseudostratified epithelium except on vocal cords (stratified squamous)
transition between is stratified ciliated epithelum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
irregularly shaped plates of cartilage
eventually becomes trachial rings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2.5 cm diameter, 10 cm long w 12-20 cartilage rings (replaced by bone with age)
posterior side composed of smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue for flexibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lamina propria and submucosa are separated by elastic fibers
glands are mixed but predominantly mucus acini |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated that beats upward
mucous goblet cell for particulate entrapment
brush cell, granule cell, basal cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor cell connected to sympathetic afferent nerve (CNV) |
|
|
Term
| trachea small granule cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replaces epithelium via mitosis |
|
|
Term
| trachea basement membrane/trachea |
|
Definition
unusually thick basement membrane
diffuse nodular lymph tissue
divided by elastic membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs after branching into lobes
smallest unit within is acinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains alveolar duct and associated alveloi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first branch off trachea
c shaped cartilage changes to cartilage plates
abundant smooth muscle in spiral bands running opposite directions
submucosal glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
marked by club cells
no submucosal glands
no cartilage but well developed smooth muscle
epithelium transitions from columnar to cuboidal
decreasing ciliated and goblet cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exist in bronchioles
secrete surface agent to maintain patent lumens and xenobiotic clearance
secrete CC16 marker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thinner smooth muscle layer with irregular lumen
cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells
abundant club cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distinguished by thin walled out pocketed alveoli
lined by squamous epithelium
branch into alveolar ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site of gas exchange
terminal air space separated by interalveolar septum
thin connective tissue layer containing capillaries
squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
squamous epithelial cells with thin nucleus
designed for max gas exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pyramidal cell with frothy cytoplasm in corner of alveoli
produces surfactant |
|
|
Term
| alveolar cell composition |
|
Definition
| Type I, II, endothelial, fibroblasts, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| shortest distance in alveoli for exchange |
|
Definition
surfactant
type I cell and basal lamina
endothelial cell and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lipoprotein mixture with high concentration of dipalmitoyl lecithin
lamellar bodies in type II cells store surfactant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost visceral layer of simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
posterior border of dense connective tissue
projects inward to form mediastinum testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
projection of tunica albuginea
contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and genital ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inner part of tunica albuginea
composed of loose connective tissue with blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains 1-7 seminiferous tubules
highly looped and convoluted
end of tube straightens into mediastinum to connect to rete testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
straight portion of seminiferous tubule that connects to rete testis
lined only by sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lamina propria that surrounds each tubule
layer of myoid cells and collagen fibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spermatogonial phase
spermatocyte phase
spermiogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mitosis of stem cells to replace committed spermatogonia population
Type A and B spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stem cells for spermatogenesis
dark ovoid nuclei with basophilic chromatin
divide to generate pale type A cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
divide and give rise to primary spermatocytes
each spermatocyte gives rise to four spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary and secondary spermatocytes
meiosis phase with visible chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
duplicate chromosomes and then divide into secondary spermatocytes
DNA cross over occurs at this stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small cells that are short lived
haploid cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
differentiation (without division) of spermatids into sperm
golgi phase
cap phase
acrosome phase
maturation phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spermiogensis
hydrolytic enzymes accumulate in trans golgi
vesicles enlarge and increase over nucleus determining pole
one centriole becomes flagellar axoneme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acrosomal vesicle spreads over anterior half of nucleus
condenses further |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
spermatid reorients itself so that the head becomes embedded in sertoli cell toward lamina propria
nucleus condenses and cell elongates
mitochondria move location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excess cytoplasm is pinched off
excess is released into lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyaluronidase, neuraminidase, acid phosphatase, and acrosin
essential fro penetration of zona pellucida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neck, middle, principal, end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains centroles and origin of coarse fibers and axonemal complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains mitochondria, wrapped around coarse fibers and axoneme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains fibrous sheath external to coarse fibers and axoneme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only contains axonemal complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
true epithelium of seminiferous tubules
tall columnar non replicating
rest on basal lamina and support developing sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specialed occluding junction that prevents immune reaction to sperm
primary, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa possess antigens that are foreign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exocrine-secrete fluid for passage of maturing sperm
endocrine-release Mullerian inhibiting hormone (inhibits internal female structures) and inhibin that regulates FSH in anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connection between spermatogenic cells that allow them to synchronize stages of maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, polygonal, acidophilic cells with lipid droplets
contain crystals of Reinke
elaborate Smooth ER for testosterone secretion
mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae
regulated by Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
honeycomb structure in mediastinum testis
simple cuboidal cell with microvilli and apical cilium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first of extratesticular ducts
20 ductules that connect rete testis
lined with pseudostratified true ciliaed epithelium with clumps of short and tall cells
includes basal and lymphocytes
sperm is concentrated by fluid reabsorption (estrogen controlled-Na) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
posterior surface of testis for sperm maturation
highly coiled tube with smooth muscle coat that increases in thickness away from testis
pseudostratified epithelium |
|
|
Term
| principal cell of epididymus |
|
Definition
stereocilia for absorption
secrete fluid
phagocytose remnants of spermatid cytoplasm
decrease in height in tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connects epididymus to urethra
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
small lumen
3 layers of smooth muscle (longitudinal, circular, longitudinal)
highest ratio of muscle to lumen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paired organs near junction of vas deferens and ejaculatory duct
elongated tubular glands
add nutritional materials (fructose and ascorbic acid)
secretes fibrinogen for sperm clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compound tubulo-alveolar gland for nutrition
fibrous stroma with bundles of smooth muscle
secretes prostate specific antigen
prostatic concretions are precipitation of secretory material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secrete preseminal fluid
located in urogenital diaphragm
compound tubulo-alveolar gland like mucus
under control of testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of corpus cavernosum(2) and corpus spongiosum (urethral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
capsule around corporae lined with vascular endothelium
allows for erection and maintenance of pressure for erection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
for the blood flow of erection
controlled by parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Day marker of menstruation |
|
Definition
Day 1-Menstrual bleeding
day 14-ovulation (release of gamete)
Day 21-implantation prolonging luteal phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first half of cycle where estrogen predominates
preovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
second half of cycle where progesterone predominates
post ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly cellular stroma with large blood vessels and nerves and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large outer region also highly cellular
round or elliptical follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cuboidal epithelium around ovary
epithelium of ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dense connective tissue subjacent to epithelium
thinner than testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| migrate in primitive gonad to become oogonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
become associated with epithelial cells and enter meiosis
arrest in prohpase as primary oocyte
complete by fifth fetal month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous layer of follicular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oocyte grows and secretes zona pellucida
follicular cells become cuboidal and then stratify
innermost follicular cells maintain contact with oocyte
basement membrane is more prominent
stromal cells become enlarged and thecal area becomes vascularized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shell of glycoproteins around oocye
secreted by oocyte in primary follicle phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greatest growth, due to FSH from pituitary
follicular fluid accumulates into antrum-hyaluronic acid and estrogen
theca interna and externa differentiate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicular cells that express aromatase around secondary follicle
membrane granulosa and cumulus oophorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wall surrounding antrum
called mural granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surrounds zona pellucida
maintain contact with oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
outside of follicular basement membrane with sinusoids
steriodeogenic making C19 androstenedione for aromatase
converted to estradiol by granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of myoid cells forming outer perimeter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
last stage of maturation just prior to ovulation
changes due to LH
cumulus oophorous is free floating
oocyte resumes meiosis and arrests in metaphase as secondary oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicle degeneration at any stage
many charateristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
death of oocyte
collapse and disappearance of zona pellucida
death of follicular cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loosening and death of granulosa cells, oocye, and zona pellucida
invasion by macrophages
enlargement, vacuolation and death of theca interna cells
follicle collapse and invasion by connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relic after large atretic follicle is hyalinized and thickened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
follicle causes bulge, aided by theca externa cells
ischemia and proteolysis breaks follicle wall, tunica albuginea, and mesothelium
follicular fluid and secondary oocyte w/ zona pellucida and cumulus oophorus flows out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remainder of membrana granulosa that collapses
fibrin clot in central cavity followed by basement breakdown, invasion by capillaries and sinusoidal formation
granulosa cells luteinize, enlarge, develop mitochondria, sER |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| part of corpus luteum that secrete progesterone and some estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| former theca lutein that are small and dark along the edge |
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Term
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Definition
deteriorated remnant of corpus luteum
pale scar like mass |
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Term
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Definition
no viable follicles, steroid hormone production declines and affects many tissues
ovary dominated by dense stroma, glassy membranes, and corpora albicantia |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular connective tissue covered by mesothelium |
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Term
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Definition
simple columnar epithelium and subjacent lamina propria
contains ciliated cells for flow
secretory cells for fertilization environment
intraepithelial lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
bell shaped opening into peritoneal cavity
has fimbriae and lots of ciliated cells |
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Term
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Definition
longest portion and site of fertilization
mucosal folds are long and complex
lots of ciliated cells
thin muscularis with two layers |
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Term
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Definition
narrow segment near uterus
low foleds and low number of ciliated cells
thicker muscularis |
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Term
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Definition
pierces wall of uterus
little folding
thickest muscularis |
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Term
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Definition
fertilization and early development
transport of ovary by fimbriae
sperm aided in transport by muscularis
fertilized oocyte must be kept in ampulla during cleavage divions by muscularis
when ready to implant, ciliary flow carries zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| serosal lining outside the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
thick muscular layer in basket weave pattern
mild contractions during menstruation cause pain, strong contractions cause birth
hypertrophy and hyperplasia accomodate fetus |
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Term
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Definition
simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands and stroma
basal, function, and special vasculature |
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Term
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Definition
zona basalis, stratum basale
small layer at bottom that interdigitates with myometrium
contains glands
source of cyclic regeneration of endometrial structure |
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Term
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Definition
zona functionalis, stratum functionale
larger upper layer that is discharged during infertile cycle
responsive to ovarian steroids |
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Term
| functional endometrial vasculature |
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Definition
| unique spiral arteries that are coiled |
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Term
| endometrial change during menstruation |
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Definition
menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase |
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Term
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Definition
Day 1-4
low hormones
functional layer and non clotting blood are discharged
blood leaks into stroma, other tissue disintegrates |
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Term
| early proliferative phase |
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Definition
day 4-7
wounded surface is repaired and regen from basal zone starts
endometrium is thin but mitotic
glands are short and straight with low columnar epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
day 7-14
peak estrogen secretion from ovary
high mitotic activity and growth of glands, stroma, spiral arteries
endometrium becomes tall
glands become coiled and epithelium grows in height |
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Term
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Definition
day 15-21
progesterone increases rapidly
endometrium and glands are large
glands prepare for secretion with glycogen accumulation
stroma is less dense, and secretion moves above nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
day 21-28
progesterone begins high, but falls at end of phase if no pregnancy
glands are tortuous and secretions cause cells to be ruffled
spiral arteries are coiled and decidual reaction begins around them preparing for pregnancy
pregnancy maintains progesterone and decidual reaction spreads |
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Term
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Definition
connects lumen of uterus to vagina
endocervix and ectocervix and external os |
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Term
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Definition
less muscular than uterus with more connective tissue
highly invaginated crypts
simple columnar epithelium with special mucus-affected by steroids |
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Term
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Definition
most of cycle it's viscous and plugs upper tract
near ovulation, biophysical and chemical changes allow sperm to penetrate
fern patter when dry |
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Term
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Definition
stratified squamous epithelium like vagina
transforms to columnar around external os
site of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
epithelium has basal, prickle, and glycogen cell layers
bacteria converts glycogen to lactic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| no glands, so during arousal, plasma transmitted from lamina propria veins |
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Term
| vaginal response to steroids |
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Definition
thickness and glycogen increase with estrogen
progesterone corresponds to less glycogen and shorter cells |
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Term
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Definition
non keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium with thick lamina propria
highly vascular |
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Term
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Definition
inner circular outer longitudinal smooth muscle
skeletal muscle at end of tube |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lack of estrogen results in atrophy with thinner epithelium and few glycogen containing cells
pH changes increasing infection rate
decreased circulation |
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Term
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Definition
15-20 lobes with branched tubuloalveolar glands
each has lactiferous duct that empties to nipple |
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Term
| mammary structure during pregnancy |
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Definition
alveolar epithelium is simple
secretes milk fat globules in apocrine fashion
variety of proteins
myoepithelial cells form basket network under epithelium but above basal membrane
oxytocin causes contraction and emptying of alveolar lumen into duct |
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Term
| mammary connective tissue |
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Definition
loose connective tissue fibroblasts, plasma cells, and mast cells
highly vascular with antibodies from plasma cells (IgA)
lobules separated by dense connective tissue septa (type I) |
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Term
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Definition
smaller ducts have cuboidal epithelium and converge on larger columnar ducts
largest is lactiferous duct with stratified columnar and exits at nipple |
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Term
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Definition
mostly ductal with little alveoli
type I collagen and adipose dominate
small changes in cycle, rapid growth of duct and alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
contains lactiferous sinuses and ducts with smooth muscle bundles
muscle runs circumferentially as well to cause erection of nipple
covered by pigmented epithelium with sweat and sebaceous glands |
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Term
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Definition
primary functional interface between maternal and fetal tissues
1/4 of maternal fetal interface |
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Term
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Definition
specialized tissue that attaches to placenta and reflected fetal membranes
endometrial stroma |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from fetus and called extraembryonic tissues |
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Term
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Definition
very thin membrane
innermost of reflected fetal membranes covering placenta and umbilical cord
simple epithelium with mesenchyme derived from inner cell mass
avascular and responsible for tensile strength |
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Term
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Definition
smooth chorion that is outer reflected fetal membrane
attached to edge of placenta
thin and avascular
multilayered trophoblast cells
outermost cells touch maternal decidua |
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Term
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Definition
attachment to maternal tissue
endocrine organ
synthesizes some amino acids/fatty acids and detoxes
transfer for mother/fetus-nutrient and antibody |
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Term
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Definition
uptake of nutrients
removal of waste
gas exchange
requires separate circulation but close proximity |
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Term
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Definition
20 cm diameter 2cm thick
500 g (1/5 of fetus)
150-200 ml blood |
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Term
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Definition
pulls away from decidua at delivery with some decidua
dark red and lobulated (cotyledons)
spiral arteries |
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Term
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Definition
shiny due to amnion
umbilical cord inserts near center
chorionic plate below amnion contains chorionic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
50 cm long
two arteries and one vein that spiral around each other
wharton's jelly |
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Term
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Definition
special mesenchyme of umbilical cord around vessels
special extracellular matrix
high in hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, mesenchymal cells
enclosed by amnion |
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Term
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Definition
fetal and maternal side with chorionic and basal plate respectively
composed of villi from chorionic plate
intervillous space filled with maternal blood |
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Term
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Definition
| large fetal vessels derived from umbilical vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| region of maternal decidua where attachment occurs |
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Term
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Definition
blood squirts in from spiral arteries of decidua
drains out via veins of decidua |
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Term
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Definition
lined by trophoblast
maternal blood bathes surface
contains branching fetal vessels
stem villi, terminal villi, and anchoring villi |
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Term
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Definition
thick projections from chorionic plate
contains medium sized vessels with abundant mesenchyme |
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Term
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Definition
abundant capillaries filled with fetal blood
fetal/maternal exchange here |
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Term
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Definition
| attach placenta to mother's tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
outermost facing maternal blood
no cell boundary, formed by fusion of cytotrophoblast |
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Term
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Definition
innermost layer with individual cells that proliferate
stem cells of lining |
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Term
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Definition
maternal blood enters in spiral arteries, bathes trophoblast, and exits veins
fetal blood enters via umbilical arteries, chorionic arteries, stem villus arteries, branching arterial vessels, capillaries, merging venous, stem villus veins, chorionic veins and umbilical vein |
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Term
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Definition
blastocyst attaches to uterine epithelium
trophoblast erodes and invades epithelium/endometrium
villi from and blood vessels are tapped
villous development is replaced by cytotrophoblast forming chorion laeve |
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Term
| progression of placental barrier |
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Definition
| as placenta grows, cytotrophoblast layer decreases and fetal capillaries move closer to trophoblast basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, mesenchyme, fetal endothelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells
syncytiotrophoblast controls exchange
all materials go through, aided by villi surface area |
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Term
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Definition
maternal tissue at placental and non placental interfaces
chorion laeve is attached
with progressive pregnancy, decidua of opposing walls fuse and they approach each other
basal plate region creates shell of trophoblast in upper decidua and extravillous cytotrophoblasts in deep decidua |
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Term
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Definition
beings transformation into stroma in late secretory phase
pregnancy causes progression to include most of functional zone |
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Term
| maternal vascular adaptation |
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Definition
high input of blood into placenta
spiral arteries less reactive to vasoactors
trophoblast invasion
muscle wall altered |
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Term
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Definition
| placenta and membranes separate from decidua and delivered after baby |
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