Term
| what are the parts of the male reproductive system |
|
Definition
| testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the testes surrounded by |
|
Definition
| thick capsule of dense connective tissue, tunica albugenia |
|
|
Term
| where is the tunica albugenia the thickest |
|
Definition
| the posterior surface of the testies, tunica mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| where do the septa that devide the testes into testicular lobules come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does each lobule of the testes contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are seminiferous tubules surrounded by |
|
Definition
| loose CT rich in blood lymphatic vessels, nerves, and leydig cells |
|
|
Term
| what type of cells are leydig cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the seminiferous tubules make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do interstitial cells of the testes make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens at the endo of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| lumen narrows and it continues in short segments called tubuli recti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straight tubules at the end of seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| what do straight tubules connect to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anastomosing network of channels connecting straight tubules to ductuli efferetentes |
|
|
Term
| what does the ductuli efferents connect |
|
Definition
| rete testis to cephalic epididymis |
|
|
Term
| what are the seminiferous tubule slined by |
|
Definition
| complex stratified epithelium aka geminal or seminiferous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cells in the seminiferous epithelium |
|
Definition
| supporting or steroli cells, cells of spermatogenic lineage |
|
|
Term
| how are cells of spermatogenic lineage arranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the outer wall of the seminiferous tubules surrounded by |
|
Definition
| well defined basal lamina and fibrous CT with many layers of fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| what adhers to the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| layer of flattened myoid cells |
|
|
Term
| what do myoid cells have characteristics like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occupys most of the space between seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which spermatozoa are formed |
|
|
Term
| what does spermatogenesis begin with |
|
Definition
| primitive germ cell, spermatogonium |
|
|
Term
| where are spermatogonium located |
|
Definition
| next to basal lamina of epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what happen to spermatogonium at sexual maturity |
|
Definition
| begin dividing by mitosis |
|
|
Term
| what paths can dividing spermatogonium take |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do type A spermatogonia do |
|
Definition
| continue dividing as stem cells |
|
|
Term
| what do type B spermatogonia do |
|
Definition
| they are progenitor cells that will differentiate into primary spermatocytes |
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes do primary spermatocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many DNA do primary spermatocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to primary spermatocytes soon after they form |
|
Definition
| enter prophase of meiosis 1 |
|
|
Term
| how long does prophase of meiosis 1 take for spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the largest cells of the spermatogenic lineage, why |
|
Definition
| primary spermatocytes, because their prophase is so long |
|
|
Term
| what event creates secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
| they arise from the first meiotic division |
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes do seconday spermatocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much DNA do secondary spematocytes have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
| they quickly enter the second meiotic division |
|
|
Term
| what arise from the second meoitic division in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many chromosomes do spermatids have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much DNA do spermatids have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| what happens in spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
| formation of acrosome, condensation and elongation of the nucleus, development of the flagellum, loss of most of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what are the phases of spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
| golgi, acrosomal, maturation |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the golgi phase (3 steps) |
|
Definition
1. proacrosomal granules accumulate in golgi
2. they coalesce to form a single acrosomal granule within a membrane limited acrosomal vesicle
3. flagellar axoneme begins to form opposite acrosome |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the acrosomal phase |
|
Definition
| scrosomal vesicle spreads over the anterior nucleus becoming acrosome,sperm changes its orientation, nucleus elongates and condenses, flagellum forms, mitochondria aggregate |
|
|
Term
| where do mitochondria aggregate in the acrosomal phase |
|
Definition
| around proximal part of flagellum forming middle piece |
|
|
Term
| how is the orientation of the developing sperm changed during the acrosomal phase |
|
Definition
| nucleus becomes oriented to the base of the seminiferous tubule, axoneme projects into lumen |
|
|
Term
| what does the acrosome contain |
|
Definition
| hydrolytic enzymes, specilized lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| describe the function of the acrosome |
|
Definition
| enzymes are released when spermatozoa encounter an oocyte, they dissociate the cells of the corona radiata and digest zona pellucida around oocyte |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the maturation phase |
|
Definition
| residual cytoplasm shead, spermatozoa released into lumen of tubule |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the cytoplasm shead by the spermatozoa |
|
Definition
| phagocytosed by sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| during what parts of spermatogenesis are cytoplasmic bridges present |
|
Definition
| when type A spermatogonia are comitted to being type B it forms all cells resulting from division attached until spermatogenesis is complete and residual bodies leave |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of cytoplasmic bridges in spermatogenesis |
|
Definition
| coordinate sequence of events in spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take fo get from spermatogonia to mature spermatoza |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is spermatogenesis conducted withing the tubules, when where |
|
Definition
| in each small area it occurs independently from any other area and different tubules are independent |
|
|
Term
| what makes testicular fluid |
|
Definition
| steroli cells and rete testis lining cells |
|
|
Term
| what transports spermatozoa to the epididymis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does testicular fluid contain |
|
Definition
| steroids, proteins, ions, androgen binding protein associated with testosterone |
|
|
Term
| where are the steroli cells located |
|
Definition
| bases attached to basal lamina, apex frequently reaches the lumen, enveloping cells of spermatocytic lineage |
|
|
Term
| when do sertoli cells divide |
|
Definition
| in development only, not during the reproductive period |
|
|
Term
| how do steroli cells stay alive without dividing |
|
Definition
| very resistant to infection, malnutrition, and x-ray |
|
|
Term
| how are adjacent sertoli cells bound together |
|
Definition
| occluding junctions at basolateral surface and gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| what do bound sertoli cells form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gap junctions in sertoli cells |
|
Definition
| may regulate cycle of seminiferous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what do the occluding junctions of sertoli cells do to the structure of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| seperate them into basal compartmant and adluminal compartment |
|
|
Term
| what compartment are spermatogonia in |
|
Definition
| basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, below the blood testis barrier |
|
|
Term
| where are cells of later stages of spermatogenesis located |
|
Definition
| in adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules above the blood testis barrier |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the sertoli cells |
|
Definition
| support, protect, regulate nutrition of development spermatozoa, phagocytosis, secretion, blood testis barrier, produce hormone |
|
|
Term
| how do sertoli cells function in support, protection, and nutritional regulation |
|
Definition
| mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites, protect from immunological attack |
|
|
Term
| what do sertoli cells protect spermatozoa from |
|
Definition
| sperm specific antigens (they body never desensitized to sperm antigens) |
|
|
Term
| how to sertoli cells have the ability to mediate nutritional exchange for spermatozoa |
|
Definition
| because they are isolate from blood supply |
|
|
Term
| what do steroli cells phagocytose |
|
Definition
| excess spermatid cytoplasm (residual bodies0 |
|
|
Term
| what to sertoli cells secrete |
|
Definition
| testicular fluid, androgen binding protein, inhibit, anti-mullerian hormone |
|
|
Term
| what controls release of androgen binding hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can sertoli cells do with testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supress synthesis and release of FSH in the anterior hypophysis, released by the sertoli cell when its released enough androgen binding protein |
|
|
Term
| what does anti mullerian hormone do |
|
Definition
| promotes regression of mullerian ducts that would form in a female fetus |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for mullerian ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures that are formed in male fetuses |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for wolffian ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what induces the development of wolffian ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the cells types in the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, undifferentiated connective cells, mast cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| when do leydig cells show up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the leydic cell, organells etc |
|
Definition
| round or polygonal, central nucleus, esinophilic cytoplas, lots of lipid drops |
|
|
Term
| where are the enzymes to make testosterone in the leydig cells |
|
Definition
| mitochondria and smoother ER |
|
|
Term
| what is testosterone important for |
|
Definition
| spermatogenesis, sexual differentation during embryonic and fetal development, control fo gonadotropin secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is a metabolite of testosterone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does dihydrotestosterone act on |
|
Definition
| many organs and tissues: muscle, hair pattern and growth |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates testosterone synthesis is leydig cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what relative temperature does spermatogenesis need to occur at |
|
Definition
| below core body temperature, approx 35 deg C |
|
|
Term
| what devices allow appropirate testicular temperature |
|
Definition
| counter current heat exchange between venous plexus and testicular artery, evaporative cooling, cremaster muscle contraction for warming |
|
|
Term
| what do the tubuli recti join |
|
Definition
| ends of seminiferous tubule loop to rete testes |
|
|
Term
| what is the initial segment of the tubuli recti made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main segment of the tubuli recti made of |
|
Definition
| cuboidal epithelium supported by dense CT |
|
|
Term
| where are the rete testis located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are rete testis lined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the rete testis connect |
|
Definition
| tubuli recti and ductuli efferentss |
|
|
Term
| what do ductuli efferentes connect |
|
Definition
| rete testis to ductus epididymids |
|
|
Term
| what lines the ductuli efferentes |
|
Definition
| epithelium with groups of noncilliated cuboidal alternating with ciliated, gives scalloped apperance |
|
|
Term
| what direction do the cilia of the ductuli efferents beat |
|
Definition
| direction of the epididymis |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the noncilliated cells of the ductuli efferentes |
|
Definition
| absorb fluid secreted by the seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| what is outside of the basal lamina of the ductuli efferentes |
|
Definition
| thin layer of circularly oriented smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of the ductus epididymis |
|
Definition
| highly coiled, forms body and tail of the epididymis with CT and vessels |
|
|
Term
| what lines the ductus epididymis |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium with round basal and columnar cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the surface of the ductus epididymis epithelium lined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, branched, irregular microvilli |
|
|
Term
| what does the smooth muscle around the ductus epidydmis do |
|
Definition
| peristaltic contractions to help move spermatozoa along duct and loose CT tissue rich in capillaries |
|
|
Term
| what does the vas deferens connect |
|
Definition
| epididymis to prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
| what is the vas deferents lined with |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sterocilia, lamina propria with rich elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| describe the tube of the vas deferents |
|
Definition
| straight, thick muscular wall |
|
|
Term
| describe the lumen of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| mucosa with longitudinal folds, elastic |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers within the muscular layer of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| inner longitudinal, middle citcular, outer longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the muscular layer of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| peristaltic contractions that expell spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the vas deferens that is dilated just before the prostate |
|
|
Term
| describe the epithelium of the ampulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the muscular layer of the vas deferens stop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the mucosal layer of the vas deferens stop |
|
Definition
| continues through the prostate as prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
| what is the final segment of the vas deferens called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the mucosa of the seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the seminal vesicle lined with |
|
Definition
| cuboidal or pseudostratified with secretory granules |
|
|
Term
| what are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the seminal vesicle |
|
Definition
| rich in elastic fibers, thin layer of smooth muscle surrounding |
|
|
Term
| what does the seminal vesicle make |
|
Definition
| viscous, yellow fluid with sperma activating substances |
|
|
Term
| what are sperm activating substances |
|
Definition
| carbs (fructose), citrate, inositol, prostaglandins, proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is the epithelium and secretory function of the seminal vessicle dependent on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the prostate consist of |
|
Definition
| 30-50 branched tubuloalveolar glands |
|
|
Term
| where do ducts from the prostate empty into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prostate lined with |
|
Definition
| cuboidal or columnar pseudostratified epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what surrounds the prostate glands |
|
Definition
| rich fibromuscular stroma and fibroelastic capsule with smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what does the prostate gland produce and store |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is prostatic fluid a part of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does prostate function depend on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for bulbuorethral gands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| where do cowpers glands empty |
|
Definition
| proximal to the membranous portion of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| what type of glands do the cowpers glands have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the cowpers glands secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are cowpers glands lined with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the septa of cowpers glands |
|
Definition
| skeletal and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what are the masses of erectile tissue in the penis |
|
Definition
| 2 corpa cavernosa, 1 corpa spongiosum |
|
|
Term
| what is venous spaces tissue lined by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is venous spaces seperated by |
|
Definition
| trabeculae of connected tissue and smooth muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| what does erectile tissue have lots of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the trabecular of erectile tissue supplied by for O and nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do helicine arteries empty |
|
Definition
| cavernous spaces of erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is between helican arteries and the deep dorsal vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the arteriovenous shunts |
|
Definition
| regulate blood flow through the cavernous spaces of erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
| where is the penile urethea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the penile urethra lined with |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous distally |
|
|
Term
| what glands does the penile urethra have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the glands of littre secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
