Term
| what are the functions of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| monitor body surfaces and internal fluids, react to harmful things |
|
|
Term
| what type of cell is a lymphocyte what is its primary job |
|
Definition
| effector cell of immune response. distinguish self from non self, destory antigens |
|
|
Term
| what is another way to say lymphatic system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the organs of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| immune survalence, diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymph nodules, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, thymus |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| bone marrow, thymus (also gut associated lymph tissue but not so much) |
|
|
Term
| what special happens in primary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
| 1st stage of lymphatic differentation |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
| lymph cells differentate, proliferate, and mature. where lymphocytes are made |
|
|
Term
| what organs have most of the lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
| bone marrow, thymus (also gut associated lymph tissue but not so much) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that initiates an immune response |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of immune response |
|
Definition
| non-specific (innate) and specific (adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| in general, what is non-specific immune response |
|
Definition
| pre-existing non-specific defences not generated to any specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| what are the methods of non-specific immune response (give an example for each) |
|
Definition
| physical barrier (mucus membranes, skin), chemicals (stomach acid), secretory substances (saliva), phagocytitc cells (macrophage), natural killer cells (lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| in general, what is specific immune response |
|
Definition
| targeted to a specific antigen, creates immune memory |
|
|
Term
| what is immune memory, what is the effect of it |
|
Definition
| body remembers antigen allowing for better response the more it is exposed to that antigen |
|
|
Term
| what carries out specific immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of specific immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in humoral immune response |
|
Definition
| antibodies are produced and bind to invading antigen |
|
|
Term
| what happens in cellular immune response |
|
Definition
| antibody leads to proliferation and differentation of cytotoxic cells which fight antigen cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| B cells, T cells, NK cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of supporting cells of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| monocytes (macrophages), neutrophils, basophils, esinophils, reticular cells, dentritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, langerhan cells, epithlioreticular cells |
|
|
Term
| what do B cells differentate into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of immune response are T cells involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what disease do NK cells commonly target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of esinophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the reticular cells of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
| scaffolding of lymphatic stroma and nodules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface markers on lymphocytes that identify them |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of CD molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary transporter of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are 70% of the lymphocytes located, what are they doing there |
|
Definition
| in the blood doing immunosurvalence or in transit |
|
|
Term
| where are 30% of the lymphocytes located, what are they doing there |
|
Definition
| they are immature lymphoblasts or are activated and travling to or in the tissues |
|
|
Term
| where do T cells differentiate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up a majority of the circulating lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what CD markers to T cells express |
|
Definition
| CD 2, 3, 7 and T cell receptors on the surface |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of T cells |
|
Definition
| helper CD4+ T lymphocytes and cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| interact with other cells to initiate immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| kill target cells: virus infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells, cells infected with intracellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of T cells |
|
Definition
| helper CD4+ T lymphocytes and cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| interact with other cells to initiate immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| kill target cells: virus infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells, cells infected with intracellular organisms |
|
|
Term
| where do B cells differentiate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of immunity to B cells do |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of B cells |
|
Definition
| produce antibodies (immunoglobins) |
|
|
Term
| what are the markers on B cells |
|
Definition
| B-cell receptors (TgM or IgD), MCH II, CD 9, 19, 20, 24 |
|
|
Term
| what is an antibody made of |
|
Definition
| 4 polypeptides: 2 identical heavy chains, 2 identical light chains |
|
|
Term
| what are the regions of an antibody |
|
Definition
| two antigen binding regions, on FC region |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the FC region |
|
Definition
| has properities specific to the class of antibody (IgG, IgA, IgM, etc) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of natural killer (NK) cells |
|
Definition
| kill transformed cells (virus, cancer), innate immunity |
|
|
Term
| describe the process of antigen-dependent activation of lymphocytes |
|
Definition
1. pre-lymphocyte is programmed to recognise a specific antigen
2. now immunocompitent, it enters the circulation
3. during secondary activation, baby lymphocyte is introduced to first antigen in lympoid tissue or organ
4. baby becomes effector cell or memory cell |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of B cell development |
|
Definition
1. in bone marrow lymphoblast matures into B cell
2. B cell goes to blood
3. B cell goes to tissues |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of T cell development |
|
Definition
1. in bone marrow lymphoblast matures into CD4-/CD8- T cell precursor
2. precursor goes to blood
3. precursor goes to thymys
4. precursor differentiates into CD4+/CD8+ T cells
5. mature cells go to tissues |
|
|
Term
| explain the process of NK cell development |
|
Definition
1. in bone marrow lymphoblast matures into NK cell
2. NK cell goes to blood
3. NK cell goes to tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the first step in an immune response, what is the result |
|
Definition
| inflammatory response to antigen, may control and stop the problem |
|
|
Term
| what cells carry out the first step of immune response |
|
Definition
| esinophils, neutrophils, other bacterial killer or phagocytotic cells |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the initial inflammatory response does not work |
|
Definition
| a specific immune response is needed |
|
|
Term
| what is the primary immune response |
|
Definition
| 1st encounter with an antigen |
|
|
Term
| what type of antibodies come to a primary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a secondary immune response |
|
Definition
| a repeat exposure to an antigen |
|
|
Term
| compare the speed of primary and secondary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what antibodies go to a secondary immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are other ways to say humoral immunity |
|
Definition
| passive immunity, antibody mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| what type of immunity is used in a vaccination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of passive immunity |
|
Definition
| vaccination, fetus getting antibodies through placenta, giving globin directly in bone marrow transplant |
|
|
Term
| why do T cells need MHC molecules to work |
|
Definition
| viral antigens are displayed by other cells with MHC cells to the T cells |
|
|
Term
| where is a Class 1 MHC located |
|
Definition
| on nucleated cells and platlets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells take internal antigens and display them on MHC on their surface, if normal antigens, there is no response. if not normal T cells recognise them and destory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MHC is expressed on antigen presenting cells (phagocytitic cells) because the things they ate are processed and displayed on their surface. T cells recognise and destory |
|
|
Term
| what T cells interact with Class 1 MHC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what T cells interact with class 2 MHC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do B cells work, explain the process |
|
Definition
1. bind to antigen directly
2. processes antigen
3. puts antigen proteins on MHC II
4. helper T cells is stimulated by the MHC II and destorys |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways antibodies stop antigens |
|
Definition
| rodeo the antigen into a glob, bind to antigen and enhance phagocytosis, block receptor site the toxin needs to bind to to be effective |
|
|
Term
| where is diffuse lymphatic tissue located in the body |
|
Definition
| alimentary canal, respiratory passages, genitourinary tract |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the diffuse lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
| accumulates to gaurd the canals / passages it is located in, intercept antigen and initiate immune response |
|
|
Term
| in what layer of the epithelium is diffuse lymphatic tissue located |
|
Definition
| lamina propria (subepithelial) |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for diffuse lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
| mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) |
|
|
Term
| what happens after diffuse lymphatic tissue encounters and antigen |
|
Definition
| cells leave to proliferate and differentate elsewhere (lymph node) and effector B and T cells return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taken antigen to another lymphoid organ |
|
|
Term
| what do primary lymph nodules contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can you tell a lymph nodule is secondary |
|
Definition
| germinal center indicating an immune response is taking place |
|
|
Term
| what is a lymphatic nodule |
|
Definition
| collection of lymphocytes in association with a mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a germinal center |
|
Definition
| proliferation and differentation of lymphocytes, differentation of plasma cells, antibody production |
|
|
Term
| what is in a germinal center other than lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| follicular dendritic cells and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| how are molecules distributed in a MALT |
|
Definition
| singly, in a random distribution |
|
|
Term
| in the alimentary canal, where are aggregations of MALT molecules found |
|
Definition
| tonsils, peyer's patches, vermiform appendix |
|
|
Term
| what is waldeyer's ring, where is it located |
|
Definition
| ring of lymphatic tissue at the enterance of the oropharynx made by the tonsils |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of tonsils |
|
Definition
| palatine, pharyngeal, lingual |
|
|
Term
| where are the palatine tonsils located |
|
Definition
| between the palatopharyngeal and alatoglossal arches on each side |
|
|
Term
| what covers the palatine tonsils |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the tonsillar crypts, where is it located |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium that dips down into the palatine tonsils |
|
|
Term
| what are located on the walls of tonsillar crypts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the pharyngeal tonsils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the pharyngeal tonsils located |
|
Definition
| on the roof of the pharynx |
|
|
Term
| what covers the pharyngeal tonsils |
|
Definition
| respitory epithelium (pseudostratified cilliated columnar) |
|
|
Term
| where are the lingual tonsils located |
|
Definition
| at the base of the tounge |
|
|
Term
| what covers the lingual tonsils |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where are peyer's patches located |
|
Definition
| distal part of the small intestines in the ileum |
|
|
Term
| what covers peyer's patches |
|
Definition
| mucosal surface by special dome shaped M cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample luminal antigens and transport them to the lymphoid tissue below |
|
|
Term
| what shape are lymph nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are lymph nodes located in general |
|
Definition
| along the path of lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| what portion of the body lymph goes through a lymph node before returning to the blood |
|
Definition
| all of it goes through at least one |
|
|
Term
| where do afferet lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node at |
|
Definition
| various points along the convex surface |
|
|
Term
| where do efferent lymph vessels leave the lymph node at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the supporting structure of the lymph node |
|
Definition
| capsule, trabeculae, reticular tissue |
|
|
Term
| what cells do reticular tissue of lymph nodes contain |
|
Definition
| reticular cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| what do the reticular cells of lymph nodes do |
|
Definition
| synthesize and secrete reticular fibers and ground substance |
|
|
Term
| what do dendritic cells of the lymph nodes do, why are they good at it |
|
Definition
| they are good APCs, they can present any antigen on MHC 1 or 2. on the cell surface for a long time |
|
|
Term
| where are dendritic cells of the lymph nodes derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are dendritic cells of the lymph nodes located near |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do follicular dendritic cells do |
|
Definition
| they bind antigen antibody complexes and retain them |
|
|
Term
| where are follicular dendritic cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cortex of a lymph node made of |
|
Definition
| dense lymphatic tissue: reticular framework, dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, lymphatic sinuses |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of hte lymph node cortex |
|
Definition
| superificial (nodular) cortex, deep (para) cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is in the superficial / nodular cortex |
|
Definition
| lymphatic nodules (B cell area) |
|
|
Term
| what is in the deep / paracortex |
|
Definition
| most of the T cells, endothelial venules |
|
|
Term
| what is in the medulla of a lymph node |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes (mostly B), macrophages, dendritic cells, plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the medullary sinuses in lymph nodes |
|
Definition
| drain lymph towards hilum of node |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of lymph node sinuses |
|
Definition
| subcapsular, trabecular, medullary |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the subcapsular sinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the trabecular sinus located |
|
Definition
| extends from the subcapsular sinus through the cortex along the trabeculae |
|
|
Term
| where is the medullary sinus located |
|
Definition
| extends from the trabecular sinuses through the medulla to the efferent lymph vessels at the hilum |
|
|
Term
| what causes filtration in the lymph node sinuses, how is it orientated |
|
Definition
| reticular fibers criss cross sinuses, slowing flow and enhancing filtration |
|
|
Term
| once in the lymph node sinus, are lymphocytes on a one way path to the exit? explain |
|
Definition
| no, lymphocytes (and macrophages) can pass freely between the sinus and the parenchyma of the node |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in high endothelial venules |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes enter the lymph node from the blood |
|
|
Term
| do all lymphocytes enter the node through the high endothelial venules? explain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do lymphocytes leave the node |
|
Definition
| efferent lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the functions of the lymph node |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis, initiation of immune response, concentration of substances in the lymph efficiently presents antigens to lymphocytes, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swolen lymph nodes due to their enlargement in response to an antigen as a result of lymphocyte proliferation |
|
|
Term
| where is the thymus located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what important developmental step occurs in the thymus |
|
Definition
| T cells develop into immunocompetent T cells |
|
|
Term
| when is the thymus the largest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the sinus as one ages |
|
Definition
| it is replaced with adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| what covers and seperates the thymus, in what organization |
|
Definition
| connective tissue capsule covers it, trabecular divide it into incomplete lobules, parenchyma is divided into cortex and medulla |
|
|
Term
| what does the cortex of the thymus contain |
|
Definition
| developing T cells called thymocytes, epithelioreticular cells, macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what do epithelioreticular cells do |
|
Definition
| provide supporting framework for the lymphocytes in the thymus |
|
|
Term
| where do epithelioreticular cells originate from, what is the evidence for this |
|
Definition
| epithial in origin, intracellular junctions and intermediate fibers present |
|
|
Term
| explain the orgization of the reticular cells in the thymic parenchyma |
|
Definition
| there are none, or their fibers |
|
|
Term
| what decides if a cell in the thymus cortex is rejected, what happens if it is |
|
Definition
| the developing T cells are selected by their ability to recognize self MHC molecules, if they fail they do apoptosis or are phagocytosed by macrophages |
|
|
Term
| do most T cells succede in development in the thymus, what percent |
|
Definition
| no, 98% fail and never leave the cortex |
|
|
Term
| what is in the thymus medulla |
|
Definition
| eputhelioreticular cells, loosly packed T calls, hassall's corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for hassall's corpuscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are thymic corpuscles |
|
Definition
| isolated masses of concentrically arranged epithelioreticular cells that may have keritinization of calcification |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the thymus medulla |
|
Definition
| T cells that react against self antigens are eliminated, cells that survuve are matured |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the blood thymus barrier |
|
Definition
| protect developing T cells from uncontrolled antigen exposure during development |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the blood thymus barrier |
|
Definition
| endothelium with occluding junctions, basal lamina (endothelial and paricyte), macrophages, epithelioreticular cells with occluding junctions and basal lamina |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest lymphoid organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what quadrent is the spleen located in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the spleen |
|
Definition
| filter blood, react immunogically to blood borne antigens |
|
|
Term
| what does the spleen contrain |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes, vascular channels, reticular cells and fibers, macrophages, dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| describe the structure of the spleen: outer, divisions, by what |
|
Definition
| outer fibrous capsule, trabeculae that extend into the parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substance of the spleen |
|
|
Term
| how is the splenic pulp divided |
|
Definition
| into functionally and morphologically different regions: white pulp and red pulp |
|
|
Term
| what does the white pulp consist of, in what organization |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes accumullated surrounded an artery which is a branch of the splenic artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the periarterial lymphatic sheath |
|
Definition
| the accumulation of lymphocytes around an artery in the white pulp of the spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the artery in the spleen white pulp that is surrounded by an accumulation of lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| what does the periarterial lymphatic sheath do to the central artery, why |
|
Definition
| it contains lymphoid nodules with germinal centers that displace the central artery to an eccentric position |
|
|
Term
| what are in the nodules of the periarterial lymphatic sheath |
|
Definition
| B cells, in other areas they contain T cells |
|
|
Term
| what does the red pulp contain |
|
Definition
| splenic sinuses and splenic cords |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for splenic cords |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reticular networks with RBC, macrophages, lymphocytes, and granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are splenic sinuses, what forms them |
|
Definition
| special venous sinuses formed by rod shaped endothelial cells with the long axis oriented along the direction of the snius |
|
|
Term
| what does the endothelial cell arrangement of the splenic sinus allow |
|
Definition
| for space that connect to the splenic cords and passage of cells in and out of the sinuses |
|
|
Term
| how are macrophages arranged in the splenic sinuses, what do they do as a result |
|
Definition
| they extend processes into the sinuses to monitor passing blood for forigen antigens |
|
|
Term
| what are the marginal sinuses formed by, where are they located |
|
Definition
| central arterioles send branches into the white pulp that end in sinuses at the perimeter of the pump |
|
|
Term
| what cells are rich around thr marginal sinuses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are penicillar arterioles |
|
Definition
| branches of the central arterioles in the spleen that are straight |
|
|
Term
| what forms the arterial capillaries |
|
Definition
| penicillar arterioles in the spleen |
|
|
Term
| where do arterial capillaries drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does blood enter after the splenic cords |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the passage of blood in the spleen (central arterioles > penicillar arterioles > arterial capillaries > splenic cords > splenic sinuses) function form |
|
Definition
| open circulation that allows for better immunological surveillance of the blood because it provides closer exposure to macrophages |
|
|
Term
| what type of lymphatic tissue is present tissue of external surfaces, where microbes are likley |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphatic or MALT |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of diffuse lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
| GALT (gut), MALT (mucosal) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to lymph cells that are stimulated in MALT |
|
Definition
| the leave the area and move to lymph node where they can differentate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take antigen back to lymphoid organ to train other cells to fight it |
|
|
Term
| usually lymph nodes are solo, but when they are together what are they along |
|
Definition
| the GI tract: tonsils, pyer's patachs, appendix |
|
|
Term
| which tonsils are the ones you can see and are removed in kids a lot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes palatine tonsils to be infected so often |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample material from the lumen, macrophages process it, immune response takes place without it ever entering your body.they secrete IgA into the lumen of the SI, attacking the antigen before it ever causes a problem |
|
|
Term
| where are follicular dendeiric cells located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do dendritic cells do |
|
Definition
| keep antigen on the surface for a long time to stymulate lymphocytes continously |
|
|
Term
| which part of the cortex of a lymph node has nodules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do most lymphocytes get into the lymph node |
|
Definition
| endothelial venules in the deep cortex |
|
|
Term
| where are B cells vs T cells located in the white pulp |
|
Definition
| the B cells are in nodules hanging off the sides, the T cells are in the rest of it |
|
|
Term
| what are splenic sinuses classified as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are splenic sinuses located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of circulation in the spleen |
|
Definition
| splenic cord to splenic sinus to splenic vein to circulation |
|
|
Term
| explain how RBC are selected for destruction or not |
|
Definition
| RBC need to leave the splenic cord through the holes into the sinus to make it back into circulation. if their too old, they are not flexible enough to get through so evuntally a mocrophage will come eat them |
|
|
