Term
| What is the only way cell can be viewed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three tenants of cell theory? |
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Definition
1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the structural unit of life
3. Cells can arise only by division from a preexisting cell. |
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Term
| What are the fundemental principles of Biology? |
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Definition
1. The cell is the unit of life.
2. Life is highly organized in a hierachal way.
3. all life evolved from a common ancestor |
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Term
| What is cell biology a combination of? |
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Definition
Cytology- study of physical characteristics of cell
Genetics- Study of DNA
Biochemistry- mechanism for carrying out cell function. |
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Term
| What are the basic properties of cells? |
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Definition
Cells are organized and complex
They poses genetic code with means to use it
Cells are capable of producing more of themselves
Cells aquire and utilize energy
Cell carry out chemical reactions
Cells respond to stimuli
Cells engage in mechanical activities
Cells are capable of self regulation
Cells evolve |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions as a whole that a cell goes through |
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular organisms that include all bacteria and are believed to be the first life forms on earth. |
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Term
| What is the function of the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| Serve as barriers and controls the entry and exit of materials. |
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Term
| What element is all life based on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is life based on carbon? |
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Definition
Carbons size and atomic number
Carbon is versatile which leads to diversity
Carbon can form double covalent bonds with H,N,O,C |
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Term
| What are the three arrangements of carbon? |
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Definition
| Linear, Cyclic, and Branched |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules that have the same formula but different shapes |
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Term
| What do functional group do? |
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Definition
| impart new solubility and reactive properties |
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Term
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Definition
| The functional group Hydroxyl |
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Term
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Definition
| The functional amino group |
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Term
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Definition
| The carbonyl functional group |
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Term
| What are the two possible shapes can a carbonyl functional group make? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A carboxyl functional group |
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Term
| Can a carboxyl group be charged? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A sulfhydryl functional group |
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Term
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Definition
| Phosphate functional group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the structure of molecules important? |
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Definition
| Structure drives function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large structured and functional molecules in cells. |
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Term
| What are the four major groups of macromolecules? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids |
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Term
| What are the basic functions of Carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| Energy and as structural molecules. |
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Term
| If a carbonyl group is at an internal position in a molecule what is the sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a carbonyl group is at an end position in a molecule what is the sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shape do sugars that have five or more carbons form? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mirror changes of a molecule that provide two forms of the same molecule.
Same formula different structure |
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Term
| What are glycosidic bonds? |
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Definition
| The ability of sugars to form larger molecules through covalent bonds between C1 of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low molecular weight building blocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together. |
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Term
| How does polymer synthesis work? |
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Definition
| Polymer synthesis is the process of joining small monomers to form large complex organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| The mechanism for linking two complex organic molecules together via dehydation synthesis or breaking them down via hydration |
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Term
| What is a glycosidic linkage? |
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Definition
| The bond formed between two molecules after dehydration synthesis |
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Term
| What is a monosaccharide? |
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Definition
Any class of sugars that cannot by hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar.
Have carbon skeletons.
Have the shared molecular formula (CH2O)n
Have 3-7 carbons and are classified by the number of C.
Have one carbonyl groups.
Have multiple hydroxyl groups |
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Term
| How does a monosaccharide differ from a fatty acid, Lipid, amino acid, And a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| they have a carbonyl group |
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Term
| How does a fatty acid differ from a monosaccharide, Lipid, amino acid, and a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| fatty acids have long unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a single carboxyl group at one end. |
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Term
| How does a lipid differ from a fatty acid, monosaccharide, amino acid, And a nucleotide? |
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Definition
Consist of a glycerol molecule linked by esterbonds to three fatty acids.
Known as a triglycerol |
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Term
| How does an amino acid differ from a fatty acid,a lipid, monosaccharide, and a nucleotide? |
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Definition
| Have a carboxyl group and an amino group that are seperated from each other by a single carbon atom, the α- carbon |
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Term
| How does a Nucleotide differ from a fatty acid, Lipid, amino acid, And a monosaccharide? |
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Definition
| Have phosohate functional group linked to a 5-carbon sugar and includes nitrogenous bases linked to the 5 carbon sugars. |
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Term
| Imagine a biological molecule that is composed of carbon atoms covalently linked to other carbon atoms, as well as hydrogen and oxygen atoms. What specific characteristics would you use to determine if this molecule was a carbohydrate? or a fatty acid? |
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Definition
Look for what functional group is attached to each molecule.
If it has a carbonyl group is is a carbohydrate
If it has a single carboxyl group at the end of a long hydrocarbon chain it is a fatty acid |
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Term
| What is a biologically important monosaccharide? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some biologically important disaccharides |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| Any class of carbohydrates formed by repeating units linked together by glycosidic linkages |
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Term
| How do nutritional polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides compare? |
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Definition
| both contain glucose monomers |
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Term
| How do nutritional polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides differ? |
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Definition
Nutritional polysaccharides are linked together by a α(1→4) or α(1→6) glycosidic linkage. these polysaccharides can be broken down for energy.
Structural polysaccharides are linked together by β(1→4) glycosidic linkages. animals lack the enzyme to break this type of linkage down. This type of linkage create tough durable molecules. |
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Term
| What are the three classes of Lipids? |
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Definition
| Triglycerides, Steroids, and Phospholipids |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of Triglycerides? |
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Definition
A glycerol molecule linked by ester bonds to three fatty acids.
store chemical energy.
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Term
| What is the structucture and function of a Steroid? |
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Definition
Steroids are built around a four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton.
Sythesis of hormones |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of Phospholipids? |
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Definition
Like tryglycerides but with only two fatty acid chains instead of 3. in other words a glycerol backbone bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
forms the cell membrane |
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Term
| Why do phospholipids arrange themselves as a bilayer and not a monolayer? |
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Definition
| because the negatively charged phosphate group is bonded to a positively charged choline group making it hydrophillic while the fatty acid chains are hydrophobic. |
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Term
| What is the significane of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids to a phospholipid's bilayer structure and chemical properties? |
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Definition
| Because the fatty acid chains are saturated they are hydrophobic which makes them line up in a bilayer. if they were unsaturated then they would be hydrophillic. This has consequences on the selective permiability of the cell membrane |
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Term
| What are the three major components of a Nucleotide? |
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Definition
5- carbon sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate functional group |
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Term
| What are the purine nitrogenous bases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases? |
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Definition
| Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil |
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Term
What are the pairing rules for nitrogenous bases in DNA?
RNA? |
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Definition
Adenine to thyamine
Cytosine to guanine
In RNA Thyamine is replaced by Uracil |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of DNA? |
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Definition
Has a sugar-phosphate backbone and attached bases, which are attatched to complimentary bases via hydrogen bonds.arranged in a double helix
Storage and transmission of genetic information in heredity. |
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Term
| What is the structure and function of RNA? |
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Definition
RNA is a single strand right-handed helix. It's backbone structure is made from ribose sugars, phosphate, and the four bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
Acts as a catalyst, carry the code to structure proteins. |
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Term
| What plays a critical role in determining protein structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the fundemental principles of proteins? |
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Definition
DNA sequence determines amino acid sequence.
amino acid sequence determines protein structure.
protein structure determines protein function. |
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Term
| How many naturally occurring amino acids are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| All proteins in nature are made up of what? |
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Definition
| The same 20 amino acids regardless of cell type |
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Term
| What does every amino acid have? |
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Definition
| An amino group and an acid group(carboxyl group) |
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Term
| What is the amino acid backbone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What distinguishes one amino acid from another? |
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Definition
| The 4th bond on the central carbon called an R-group |
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Term
| Which form of amino acids are active in nature? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are amino acids covalently bonded? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are dehydration bonds in amino acids called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amino terminus? |
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Definition
| The front end of a polymer with the free amino group also called the N-terminus |
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Term
| What is the carboxy terminus? |
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Definition
| The end of a polymer that has a free carboxyl group or c-terminus |
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Term
| What does a polymer look like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the backbone of the polymer? |
|
Definition
[image]
each amino acid has an R group associated with it.
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Term
| What is a polyfermany peptide? |
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Definition
| Anytime you Bond amino acids together to form a polymer |
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Term
| What stabilizes the 3 demensional shapes of a polymer? |
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Definition
| The interactions between R groups |
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Term
| If R groups are charged what Functional groups do they contain? |
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Definition
A carboxyl group that will behave as an acid in solution. giving a negative charge.
An Amino group which behaves as a base in solution giving a positive charge.
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Term
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Definition
| The only amino acid that can form covalent bonds and it will only be with other Cysteines. |
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Term
Polar uncharged R groups can bond with what?
What Elements will they contain? |
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Definition
Other polar uncharged R groups and water.
Oxygen or nitrogen |
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Term
| The polar charged R groups can bond with what? |
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Definition
| Can form ionic bonds with oppositely charged polar R groups and water |
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Term
| Cysteine are linked together by what type of bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| What R group are going to try and minimize their exposure to water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where will hydrophobic R group try to be in a protein? |
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Definition
| The interior and in a way that they can interact with each other forming van derr walls interactions and minimized their exposure to water. |
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Term
| What two amino acids have sulfur? |
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Definition
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Term
In methanine where is the Sulfur?
What is significant about its position? |
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Definition
Embedded in the carbon skeleton.
It is unable to form covalent bonds with other sulfurs |
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|
Term
In Cysteine where is the sulfhydryl functional group?
What is significant about its position? |
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Definition
At the end of the hydrocarbon tail.
It can form covalent bonds with other sulfurs |
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Term
| What amino acid does all protein synthesis begin with? |
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Definition
| Methainine the start codon. |
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Term
| When R groups of Cysteine react to form a covalent bond what is that bond called? |
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Definition
| A disulfide bond or a disulfide bridge |
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Term
| Hydrophilic R groups will be where in a protein? |
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Definition
| On the outside or interacting with other hydrophillic R groups |
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Term
| Hydrophobic R groups will try to be located where in a proteins structure? |
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Definition
| On the inside away from water |
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Term
| What is a conjugated protein? |
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Definition
| A protein that has a Protein and a non protein component |
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Term
| What does protein structure drive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does protein function drive? |
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Definition
| all aspects of cell structure and function |
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Term
| What is the primary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| The linear sequence of amino acids That occurrs in that protein |
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Term
| What is the primary structure dictated by? |
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Definition
| The nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Term
| What is the importance of Primary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| a single amino acid change will disrupt the shape of the protein and then disrupt the function. |
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Term
What is the secondary structure of proteins?
What are the two Regional folding found in proteins? |
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Definition
Every protein in nature has regional folding independent of R groups.
The alpha helix and the Beta sheet. |
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Term
| What does an Alpha Helix look like? |
|
Definition
[image]
like Looking down a spiral staircase |
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Term
| What does a Beta sheet look like? |
|
Definition
[image]
Looks like a folded fan |
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Term
| What does stabilization of the alpha helix and beta sheet depend on? |
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Definition
Hydrogen bonding between the amino groups and the carboxyl groups
not R groups |
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Term
| What is the tertiary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| The final 3 dimensional shape of the polypeptide |
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Term
| What is tertiary structure stabilized by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What bonds stabilize Tertiary protein structure? |
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Definition
| Bonds between the R groups |
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Term
| Why Are proteins held together by weak bonds? |
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Definition
| The interior of a cell is tightly controlled |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| The amount of time a protein is functional in the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are functional domains? |
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Definition
| The recyclying of tertiary structure in proteins that are used for many different functions |
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Term
| When does the term polypeptide and protein mean the same? |
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Definition
| When a protein is composed of a single polymer of amino acid and folds up to form a functional tertiary structure and is a functional protein |
|
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Term
| What is quaternary structure? |
|
Definition
| A protein that is composed of more than one plolypeptide |
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Term
| Why is quaternary structure important? |
|
Definition
| because when a protein has quanternary structure it can not function unless it has all the polypeptides |
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|
Term
| What are the forces that stabilize quaternary structure? |
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Definition
| The bonds between R groups of different polymers |
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Term
What are the similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
(8 similarities) |
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Definition
Plasma membranes of similar construction.
Genetic information encoded in DNA using identical genetic code.
Similar mechanisms for transcription and translation of genetic info, including similar ribosomes.
shared metabolic pathways.
similar apparatus for conservation of energy as ATP.
Similar mechanism of photosynthesis.
Similar mechanism for synthesizing and inserting membrane proteins.
proteasomes of similar construction. |
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Term
What is the differences are found in Eukaryotes compared to Prokaryotes?
(12 differences) |
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Definition
Division of cells into nucleus and cytoplasm, seperated by a nuclear envelope containing complex pore structures.
Complex Chromosomes composed of DNA and associated proteins that are capable of compacting into mitotic structures.
Complex membranous cytoplasmic organelles.
Specialized cytoplasmic organelles for aerobic respiration and photosynthesis.
Complex cytoskeletal system and associated motor proteins.
Complex cilia and flagella.
Ability to ingest fluid and particulate material by enclosure within plasma membrane vesicles.
Cellulose-containing cell walls.
Cell division using microtuble-containing mitotic spindle that seperates chromosomes.
Presence of two copies of genes per cell, one per parent.
Presence of three different RNA synthesizing enzymes.
Sexual reproduction requiring meosis and fertilization. |
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Term
| What evidence supports the endosymbiont theory? |
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Definition
1) The inner membrane of chloroplasts and mitochondria have enzymes and transportsystems similar to those found in bacteria
2) They reproduce themselves by splitting into two, similar to the process of binary fission in bacteria
3) They contain circular DNA molecules which are not combined with proteins, like bacteria and unlike the eukaryotic DNA in the nucleus
4) They have their own ribosomes, which are more like bacterial ribosomes than eukaryotic ones. |
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