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Cell Biology Final Review
Tests 1 & 3 Q&A
120
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/02/2015

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Term
NADH reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Definition
in the absence of oxygen, how does the cell supply an adequate amount of NAD for the glycolytic process (in animals)?
Term
nucleotide triphosphates
Definition
replication/synthesis of DNA is an endergonic process. where does the energy for this come from?
Term
1 or 2
Definition
Frame-shift mutations leading to a scrambled sequence of amino acids can be caused by the insertion of __ base(s) into a gene.
Term
the Krebs Cycle
Definition
Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere. Which metabolic process returns most of that CO2 to the atmosphere?
Term
RNA Polymerase
Definition
Which molecule attaches RNA nucleotides to newly synthesized mRNA?
Term
in the nucleolus
Definition
Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) made?
Term
It makes many copies of a target gene
Definition
What does Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) accomplish?
Term
has tertiary structure due to base pairing
Definition
which of the following best describes the RNA component of the ribosome?
Term
mitochondrial inner membrane
Definition
What is the location of the electron transport chain during respriation?
Term
it donates electrons to the electron transport chain
Definition
what happens to the NADH that is produced in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)?
Term
coding for a variety of proteins from a single gene
Definition
What does alternate splicing accomplish or refer to?
Term
electron transport
Definition
in cellular respiration, at what stage is oxygen used?
Term
in electron transport
Definition
During the breakdown of glucose for energy, where is most of the ATP formed?
Term
the codons that specify amino acids
Definition
What is the genetic code?
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
After ATP breaks down to initiate muscle contraction, where does the leftover ADP go?
Term
it is a structural protein that also acts as an enzyme
Definition
What is unique about myosin?
Term
2
Definition
How many molecules of ATP result from glycolysis?
Term
glycolysis
Definition
in the breakdown of glucose for energy, which process is anaerobic?
Term
this is a reference to the system of numbering the carbon on the deoxyribose sugar
Definition
On what basis do we designate a 5' and a 3' end to DNA?
Term
tRNA
Definition
What component of transcription or translation has the anticodon?
Term
NADH/FADH2
Definition
Following both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, where is most of the potential energy from the original glucose molecule?
Term
on the myosin head group
Definition
During muscle contraction, where is the ATP broken down?
Term
she took x-ray crystallographic images of DNA
Definition
What crucially important piece of info did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the elucidation of the structure of DNA?
Term
an Okazaki fragment
Definition
The replicating DNA assembled onto the lagging strand is called
Term
respiration
Definition
the process of extracting energy in the presence of oxygen is referred to as
Term
slow-twitch muscle
Definition
Which type of muscle makes greatest use of the Kreb's cycle and electron transport mechanisms?
Term
the intron
Definition
Which part of the transcribed mRNA ("primary transcript") molecule is removed?
Term
the sequences of DNA that code for ribosomal RNA
Definition
What is ribosomal DNA?
Term
tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding site on actin
Definition
in the absence of calcium, what prevents muscle contraction?
Term
two
Definition
How many Krebs cycles are required to metabolize the products of one glucose molecule?
Term
in the nucleus; in the cytoplasm
Definition
Transcription occurs ___, while translation occurs___.
Term
complimentary bases in DNA are always found in equal proportion
Definition
Chargaff's rules state that
Term
cytosol
Definition
Where does the process of glycolysis occur?
Term
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to 3' ends and the lagging strand has a 5' end
Definition
During DNA replication, synthesis of the leading strand occurs more steadily than synthesis of the lagging strand b/c
Term
many more than 10
Definition
How many molecules of mRNA (in total) are made during the transcription of a single gene?
Term
three
Definition
How many RNA bases are required to code for a single amino acid?
Term
neither actin nor myosin shorten
Definition
When a sarcomere shortens,
Term
establishment of a proton gradient
Definition
Which of the following results from the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Term
in the mitochondrial matrix
Definition
Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur?
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
Which enzyme mediates the addition of monomer units to the growing deoxyribonucleic acid molecule?
Term
covalent
Definition
What type of bond holds together the atomic constituents of a SINGLE water molecule?
Term
Water
Definition
During osmosis, ___ moves across the biological membrane
Term
phosphodiester bonds
Definition
Tertiary protein structure is determined by all the following bond types except
Term
phosphate group, glycerol, fatty acid
Definition
What are the components of a phospholipid?
Term
it prevents close packing of fatty acids in the phospholipid bilayer
Definition
How does cholesterol contribute to keeping a membrane fluid?
Term
a nucleotide
Definition
The monomer unit of a nucleic acid is
Term
parallel cellulose strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
Definition
What makes cellulose so chemically different from starch?
Term
to maintain dis-equilibrium on both sides of the membrane, site for metabolic rxns/ energy transfer, enables cell-to-cell communication via surface proteins
Definition
Which is a role for biological membranes?
Term
feedback inhibition
Definition
Allosteric enzymes have a major role in
Term
phospholipid
Definition
The predominant form of lipid in a biological membrane is
Term
3' and 5' ends
Definition
What term(s) are applied to the ends of a nucleic acid?
Term
covalent; hydrogen
Definition
Each individual backbone strand of DNA is held together by ___ bonds while the 2 separate strands of DNA are held together by ___ bonds.
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
most enzymes are proteins that have___.
Term
are made up of more than one polypeptide
Definition
proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide
Term
peptide
Definition
What sort of bond occurs between two amino acids?
Term
a transmembrane protein, and energy
Definition
in biological membranes, the flow of molecules against a concentration gradient requires
Term
all cells are subdivided to accommodate a division of labor
Definition
Which is NOT a component of the Cell Theory?
Term
lack a nucleus
Definition
Which is the most defining characteristic of prokaryotes?
Term
the "info" encoded in protein primary structure
Definition
What is th emost influential in determining protein tertiary structure?
Term
a capacity to be thermally stable to changes in temperature
Definition
Water has a high "heat capacity." What is a concequence of this?
Term
by lowering activation energy
Definition
How do enzymes help facilitate reactions?
Term
the side group
Definition
What distinguishes one amino acid from another amino acid?
Term
they do not reproduce sexually; horizontal transfer can confuse genetic analysis
Definition
Why is it difficult to apply any "species" concept to prokaryotic organisms?
Term
purine-pyrimidine pairings
Definition
In DNA, what portion of the nucleotide participates in the bond that holds the double strands together?
Term
the phosphate group is polar; the fatty acid is non-polar
Definition
Which best describes the chemical nature of a phospholipid?
Term
surrounding the mitochondrion, surrounding the nucleus, and on the cell periphery
Definition
Where in a cell would you find a biological membrane?
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
A single-celled organism engulfs a large food particle. This process is referred to as:
Term
movement of genes between unrelated prokaryotes
Definition
What does "horizontal gene transfer" refer to?
Term
substrate binds to enzyme
Definition
What occurs at the "active site"?
Term
can rotate or move laterally in the membrane
Definition
Which of the following reflects the behavior of phospholipids in a biological membrane?
Term
obesity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and immune system health
Definition
What health-related conditions ar thought to be influenced by the human microbiome?
Term
the glycosidic bond between carbon 1 and carbon 6 in alpha-glucose
Definition
What does an "alpha(1-6) link" refer to?
Term
efficient cellular metabolism, cell specialization, homeostasis, and sub-division of labor
Definition
Compartmentalization in cells is necessary for
Term
alpha-helix
Definition
What feature might you find in the secondary structure of protein?
Term
enzymes are not consumed during the enzymatic process
Definition
which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?
Term
alpha-helical proteins form hydrophilic channels through the membrane
Definition
How do protein channels transverse the phospholipid bilayer?
Term
glucose
Definition
Cellulose is composed of which of the following molecules?
Term
each involves a condensation reaction
Definition
The synthesis of macromolecules all have what in common?
Term
cyanobacteria
Definition
Which type of bacteria was responsible for forming much of the oxygen in the early history of the earth?
Term
an enzyme contructed of RNA
Definition
What is a ribosome?
Term
the light-independent reaction
Definition
The Calvin cycle is also known as:
Term
it accumulates in the chloroplast stroma
Definition
What happens to the energy captured in the light-dependent reaction?
Term
photolysis of water
Definition
After photosystem II loses an electron, how does it get its electron back?
Term
position and movement of organelles within a cell
Definition
What role do "microtubule assoctiated proteins" serve in cells?
Term
light-independent reaction
Definition
In which metabolic process is rubisco of importance?
Term
an exergonic reaction driving an endergonic reaction
Definition
Which best describes a "coupled reaction?"
Term
NADH
Definition
Which of the following molecules is "reduced?":    H2O, ATP, NADP, CO2, NADH
Term
water
Definition
During photosynthesis, oxygen is given off. What is the source of this oxygen?
Term
in the chloroplast stroma
Definition
the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur where?
Term
has gained an electron; gained energy
Definition
A molecule that is reduced ___ and has ___.
Term
280, 400, 2.0
Definition
Until recently (industrial revolution), the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has not gone above __ ppm for ~650,000 yrs. Today, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 is __ & is rising at a rate of __ per year.
Term
glucose
Definition
The end result of photosynthesis is that energy from the sun ends up captured or stored in ___.
Term

infolding of membrane

 

Definition
What is the leading hypothesis for the origin of the nucleus?
Term
lysosomes
Definition
Which of the following contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion?
Term
ice reflects away incoming solar radiation or heat (open water absorbs solar radiation & heat)
Definition
How does the arctic ice cap help cool the Earth's overall climate?
Term
NADPH and ATP
Definition
Which two high-energy molecules are produced at the end of the light-dependent reaction?
Term
interphase
Definition
Which is NOT a phase of mitosis?
Term
in the S phase
Definition
When in the cell cycle does the cell replicate its DNA?
Term
warm temperatures
Definition
In which environmental situation would C4 photosynthesis be an advantage?
Term
capture and storage of light energy in molecules
Definition
What is accomplished by photosystems II and I?
Term
energy input in open systems provides the means to build complexity
Definition
How does the phenomenon of highly ordered life square with the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Term
accumulation of atmospheric O2
Definition
What provided the selective pressure that drove the origin of eukaryotes?
Term
protein modification
Definition
What occurs in the Golgi apparatus
Term
1896, by Svante Arrhenius
Definition
When was global warming, as a consequence of human activity, first predicted?
Term
chloroplast; mitochondrion
Definition
Which two organelles evolved from ancient bacterial cells?
Term
it is where carbon fixation occurs
Definition
Carbon dioxide enters the Calvin cycle is attached to a five carbon sugar. What is the importance of this step?
Term
prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and simpler (fewer components) than eukaryotic ribosomes
Definition
What is the difference between a prokaryotic ribosome and a eukaryotic ribosome?
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
Where in a eukaryotic cell is the major site of ATP synthesis?
Term
passage of electrons along the electron transport chain
Definition
What causes an accumulation of hydrogen ions (H+) (i.e. potential energy) in the thylakoid lumen?
Term
carbon dioxide
Definition
the carbon in all organic molecules initially comes from what source?
Term
exergonic
Definition
The amount of available energy following a reaction is less than the starting amount. What type of reaction is this?
Term
microtubule
Definition
Which element of the cytoskeleton re-assembles as the mitotic spindle?
Term
a redox reaction
Definition
Movement of electrons through an electron transport chain is what?
Term
host cell gained additional ATP while the engulfed cell gained abundant food
Definition
What selective advantage favored the endosymbiotic mutualism leading to the mitochondrion?
Term
microtubule
Definition
Which structure is composed of alpha and beta tubulin dimers?
Term
in the thylakoid membrane
Definition
Where is chlorophyll located?
Term
ribosome
Definition
Which of the following is NOT surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer?
Term
in the mitochondrion
Definition
Where in a eukaryotic cell can prokaryotic-like ribosomes be found?
Term
spontaneous reactions go from high energy (or order) to low energy (or order)
Definition
The Second Law of Thermodynamics stipulates that:
Term
an electron in chlorophyll absorbs solar energy
Definition
In the initial step of the light-dependent reaction,________.
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