Term
| NADH reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid |
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Definition
| in the absence of oxygen, how does the cell supply an adequate amount of NAD for the glycolytic process (in animals)? |
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Term
|
Definition
| replication/synthesis of DNA is an endergonic process. where does the energy for this come from? |
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Term
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Definition
| Frame-shift mutations leading to a scrambled sequence of amino acids can be caused by the insertion of __ base(s) into a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosynthesis removes CO2 from the atmosphere. Which metabolic process returns most of that CO2 to the atmosphere? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which molecule attaches RNA nucleotides to newly synthesized mRNA? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) made? |
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Term
| It makes many copies of a target gene |
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Definition
| What does Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) accomplish? |
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Term
| has tertiary structure due to base pairing |
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Definition
| which of the following best describes the RNA component of the ribosome? |
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Term
| mitochondrial inner membrane |
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Definition
| What is the location of the electron transport chain during respriation? |
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Term
| it donates electrons to the electron transport chain |
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Definition
| what happens to the NADH that is produced in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)? |
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Term
| coding for a variety of proteins from a single gene |
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Definition
| What does alternate splicing accomplish or refer to? |
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Term
|
Definition
| in cellular respiration, at what stage is oxygen used? |
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Term
|
Definition
| During the breakdown of glucose for energy, where is most of the ATP formed? |
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Term
| the codons that specify amino acids |
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Definition
| What is the genetic code? |
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Term
|
Definition
| After ATP breaks down to initiate muscle contraction, where does the leftover ADP go? |
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Term
| it is a structural protein that also acts as an enzyme |
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Definition
| What is unique about myosin? |
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Term
|
Definition
| How many molecules of ATP result from glycolysis? |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the breakdown of glucose for energy, which process is anaerobic? |
|
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Term
| this is a reference to the system of numbering the carbon on the deoxyribose sugar |
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Definition
| On what basis do we designate a 5' and a 3' end to DNA? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What component of transcription or translation has the anticodon? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Following both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, where is most of the potential energy from the original glucose molecule? |
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Term
|
Definition
| During muscle contraction, where is the ATP broken down? |
|
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Term
| she took x-ray crystallographic images of DNA |
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Definition
| What crucially important piece of info did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the elucidation of the structure of DNA? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The replicating DNA assembled onto the lagging strand is called |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of extracting energy in the presence of oxygen is referred to as |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which type of muscle makes greatest use of the Kreb's cycle and electron transport mechanisms? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which part of the transcribed mRNA ("primary transcript") molecule is removed? |
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Term
| the sequences of DNA that code for ribosomal RNA |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding site on actin |
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Definition
| in the absence of calcium, what prevents muscle contraction? |
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Term
|
Definition
| How many Krebs cycles are required to metabolize the products of one glucose molecule? |
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Term
| in the nucleus; in the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| Transcription occurs ___, while translation occurs___. |
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Term
| complimentary bases in DNA are always found in equal proportion |
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Definition
| Chargaff's rules state that |
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Term
|
Definition
| Where does the process of glycolysis occur? |
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Term
| DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to 3' ends and the lagging strand has a 5' end |
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Definition
| During DNA replication, synthesis of the leading strand occurs more steadily than synthesis of the lagging strand b/c |
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Term
|
Definition
| How many molecules of mRNA (in total) are made during the transcription of a single gene? |
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Term
|
Definition
| How many RNA bases are required to code for a single amino acid? |
|
|
Term
| neither actin nor myosin shorten |
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Definition
| When a sarcomere shortens, |
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Term
| establishment of a proton gradient |
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Definition
| Which of the following results from the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane? |
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Term
| in the mitochondrial matrix |
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Definition
| Where do the reactions of the Krebs cycle occur? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which enzyme mediates the addition of monomer units to the growing deoxyribonucleic acid molecule? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What type of bond holds together the atomic constituents of a SINGLE water molecule? |
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Term
|
Definition
| During osmosis, ___ moves across the biological membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tertiary protein structure is determined by all the following bond types except |
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|
Term
| phosphate group, glycerol, fatty acid |
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Definition
| What are the components of a phospholipid? |
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|
Term
| it prevents close packing of fatty acids in the phospholipid bilayer |
|
Definition
| How does cholesterol contribute to keeping a membrane fluid? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The monomer unit of a nucleic acid is |
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|
Term
| parallel cellulose strands are held together by hydrogen bonds |
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Definition
| What makes cellulose so chemically different from starch? |
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Term
| to maintain dis-equilibrium on both sides of the membrane, site for metabolic rxns/ energy transfer, enables cell-to-cell communication via surface proteins |
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Definition
| Which is a role for biological membranes? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Allosteric enzymes have a major role in |
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Term
|
Definition
| The predominant form of lipid in a biological membrane is |
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Term
|
Definition
| What term(s) are applied to the ends of a nucleic acid? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Each individual backbone strand of DNA is held together by ___ bonds while the 2 separate strands of DNA are held together by ___ bonds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| most enzymes are proteins that have___. |
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Term
| are made up of more than one polypeptide |
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Definition
| proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide |
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Term
|
Definition
| What sort of bond occurs between two amino acids? |
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Term
| a transmembrane protein, and energy |
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Definition
| in biological membranes, the flow of molecules against a concentration gradient requires |
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Term
| all cells are subdivided to accommodate a division of labor |
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Definition
| Which is NOT a component of the Cell Theory? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which is the most defining characteristic of prokaryotes? |
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Term
| the "info" encoded in protein primary structure |
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Definition
| What is th emost influential in determining protein tertiary structure? |
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Term
| a capacity to be thermally stable to changes in temperature |
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Definition
| Water has a high "heat capacity." What is a concequence of this? |
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Term
| by lowering activation energy |
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Definition
| How do enzymes help facilitate reactions? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What distinguishes one amino acid from another amino acid? |
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Term
| they do not reproduce sexually; horizontal transfer can confuse genetic analysis |
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Definition
| Why is it difficult to apply any "species" concept to prokaryotic organisms? |
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|
Term
| purine-pyrimidine pairings |
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Definition
| In DNA, what portion of the nucleotide participates in the bond that holds the double strands together? |
|
|
Term
| the phosphate group is polar; the fatty acid is non-polar |
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Definition
| Which best describes the chemical nature of a phospholipid? |
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|
Term
| surrounding the mitochondrion, surrounding the nucleus, and on the cell periphery |
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Definition
| Where in a cell would you find a biological membrane? |
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Term
|
Definition
| A single-celled organism engulfs a large food particle. This process is referred to as: |
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Term
| movement of genes between unrelated prokaryotes |
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Definition
| What does "horizontal gene transfer" refer to? |
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|
Term
| substrate binds to enzyme |
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Definition
| What occurs at the "active site"? |
|
|
Term
| can rotate or move laterally in the membrane |
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Definition
| Which of the following reflects the behavior of phospholipids in a biological membrane? |
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|
Term
| obesity, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and immune system health |
|
Definition
| What health-related conditions ar thought to be influenced by the human microbiome? |
|
|
Term
| the glycosidic bond between carbon 1 and carbon 6 in alpha-glucose |
|
Definition
| What does an "alpha(1-6) link" refer to? |
|
|
Term
| efficient cellular metabolism, cell specialization, homeostasis, and sub-division of labor |
|
Definition
| Compartmentalization in cells is necessary for |
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Term
|
Definition
| What feature might you find in the secondary structure of protein? |
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|
Term
| enzymes are not consumed during the enzymatic process |
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Definition
| which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? |
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|
Term
| alpha-helical proteins form hydrophilic channels through the membrane |
|
Definition
| How do protein channels transverse the phospholipid bilayer? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellulose is composed of which of the following molecules? |
|
|
Term
| each involves a condensation reaction |
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Definition
| The synthesis of macromolecules all have what in common? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which type of bacteria was responsible for forming much of the oxygen in the early history of the earth? |
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Term
| an enzyme contructed of RNA |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the light-independent reaction |
|
Definition
| The Calvin cycle is also known as: |
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|
Term
| it accumulates in the chloroplast stroma |
|
Definition
| What happens to the energy captured in the light-dependent reaction? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| After photosystem II loses an electron, how does it get its electron back? |
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|
Term
| position and movement of organelles within a cell |
|
Definition
| What role do "microtubule assoctiated proteins" serve in cells? |
|
|
Term
| light-independent reaction |
|
Definition
| In which metabolic process is rubisco of importance? |
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|
Term
| an exergonic reaction driving an endergonic reaction |
|
Definition
| Which best describes a "coupled reaction?" |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following molecules is "reduced?": H2O, ATP, NADP, CO2, NADH |
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Term
|
Definition
| During photosynthesis, oxygen is given off. What is the source of this oxygen? |
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|
Term
| in the chloroplast stroma |
|
Definition
| the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur where? |
|
|
Term
| has gained an electron; gained energy |
|
Definition
| A molecule that is reduced ___ and has ___. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Until recently (industrial revolution), the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has not gone above __ ppm for ~650,000 yrs. Today, the atmospheric concentration of CO2 is __ & is rising at a rate of __ per year. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The end result of photosynthesis is that energy from the sun ends up captured or stored in ___. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the leading hypothesis for the origin of the nucleus? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion? |
|
|
Term
| ice reflects away incoming solar radiation or heat (open water absorbs solar radiation & heat) |
|
Definition
| How does the arctic ice cap help cool the Earth's overall climate? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Which two high-energy molecules are produced at the end of the light-dependent reaction? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Which is NOT a phase of mitosis? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When in the cell cycle does the cell replicate its DNA? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In which environmental situation would C4 photosynthesis be an advantage? |
|
|
Term
| capture and storage of light energy in molecules |
|
Definition
| What is accomplished by photosystems II and I? |
|
|
Term
| energy input in open systems provides the means to build complexity |
|
Definition
| How does the phenomenon of highly ordered life square with the Second Law of Thermodynamics? |
|
|
Term
| accumulation of atmospheric O2 |
|
Definition
| What provided the selective pressure that drove the origin of eukaryotes? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| What occurs in the Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
| 1896, by Svante Arrhenius |
|
Definition
| When was global warming, as a consequence of human activity, first predicted? |
|
|
Term
| chloroplast; mitochondrion |
|
Definition
| Which two organelles evolved from ancient bacterial cells? |
|
|
Term
| it is where carbon fixation occurs |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide enters the Calvin cycle is attached to a five carbon sugar. What is the importance of this step? |
|
|
Term
| prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and simpler (fewer components) than eukaryotic ribosomes |
|
Definition
| What is the difference between a prokaryotic ribosome and a eukaryotic ribosome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where in a eukaryotic cell is the major site of ATP synthesis? |
|
|
Term
| passage of electrons along the electron transport chain |
|
Definition
| What causes an accumulation of hydrogen ions (H+) (i.e. potential energy) in the thylakoid lumen? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the carbon in all organic molecules initially comes from what source? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of available energy following a reaction is less than the starting amount. What type of reaction is this? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which element of the cytoskeleton re-assembles as the mitotic spindle? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement of electrons through an electron transport chain is what? |
|
|
Term
| host cell gained additional ATP while the engulfed cell gained abundant food |
|
Definition
| What selective advantage favored the endosymbiotic mutualism leading to the mitochondrion? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which structure is composed of alpha and beta tubulin dimers? |
|
|
Term
| in the thylakoid membrane |
|
Definition
| Where is chlorophyll located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following is NOT surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where in a eukaryotic cell can prokaryotic-like ribosomes be found? |
|
|
Term
| spontaneous reactions go from high energy (or order) to low energy (or order) |
|
Definition
| The Second Law of Thermodynamics stipulates that: |
|
|
Term
| an electron in chlorophyll absorbs solar energy |
|
Definition
| In the initial step of the light-dependent reaction,________. |
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|
