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Cell Biology Exam 3
Dr. Daniel Cell Biology
63
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/23/2016

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Term
What two subunits does MPF consist of?
Definition
Cyclin and a cyclin-dependent kinase
Term
What is the role of MPF?
Definition
Regulates transition from G2 to M phase
Term
What activates MPF?
Definition
A phosphatase at the end of G2
Term
What image is this?
[image]
Definition
Anaphase
Term
What image is this?
[image]
Definition
Telophase
Term
What image is this?
[image]
Definition
Prophase
Term
What image is this?
[image]
Definition
Prometaphase
Term
What image is this?
[image]
Definition
Metaphase
Term
What image is this?
[image]
Definition
Cytokinesis
Term
What motor protein helps pull chromosomes toward the center of the cell?
Definition
Dynein
Term
What happens to the long microtubule during prometaphase?
Definition
It is depolymerized (shortened)
Term
What would you expect to find in a sample from a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia?
Definition
Reduced transcription of P21
Term
What is the visual cue for bi-polar myosin motor proteins beginning to move along actin filaments?
Definition
Cleavage formation
Cytokinesis
Term
What protein is produced during S phase and degraded during mitosis?
Definition
Cohesin
Term
Is the action of the sarcomere in muscle contraction an evolutionary predecessor to the contractille ring of cytokinesis?
Definition
No
Term
What disease os caused by meiotic nondisjunction of the sex chromosome in a female zygote XO?
Definition
Turner Syndrome
Term
What disease is caused by meiotic nondisjunction of the sex chromosome in a male zygote XXY?
Definition
Klinefelter Syndrome
Term
What disease is caused by meiotic nondisjunction of the autosomal chromosome in a trisomy zygote 47:22?
Definition
Down syndrome
Term
How does the cell leave M phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
Cyclin B must be marked for destruction by the APC
Term
How does the cell leave G2 phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
Cyclin A/B1 and CDK1 are elevated
Term
How does the cell leave S phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
Cyclin A and CDK2 are elevated
Term
How does the cell leave G1 phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
Cyclin D, CDK4, and CDK 6 are elevated
Or Cyclin E and CDK2
Term
How does the cell leave G0 phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
Growth-promoting signal
Term
What would happen if a cell in M phase is suddenly loaded with cyclin E?
Definition
Activate DNA synthesis
Term
For CDK4 to be active which cyclin must be elevated?
Definition
Cyclin D
Term
If a cell was deficient in the spindle assembly checkpoint what would happen?
Definition
A higher frequency of syntelic attachment & a higher occurrence of mitotic non-disjunction
Term
If a cell was flooded with CDK2, then what would happen to it's phase of the cell cycle?
Definition
Nothing
Term
Where is the energy for contractile ring activity derived from?
Definition
GTP Hydrolysis
Term
Which cyclin is elevated to push the cell into G2 phase?
Definition
Cyclin A
Term
Which motor proteins are involved in Mitosis?
Definition
Dynein, kinesin, and CENPE
Term
What are astral microtubules?
Definition
Microtubules that radiate outward from centrosome to outside the spindle
Term
What are kinetochore microtubules?
Definition
Microtubules that separate chromosomes on metaphase plate which moves toward the middle and pulls away.
Term
What are polar microtubules?
Definition
Microtubules that never touch the DNA and connect to centrioles.
Term
What type of cell signaling is best described as a cell releasing a signal into the local environment that is detected by other cells?
Definition
Paracrine
Term
What are receptor tyrosine kinases capable of binding to?
Definition
Adapter, scaffold, signaling molecule, effectors
Term
Compared to actin, as a portion of the protein content of a cell, how many receptors will a cell express?
Definition
A lot less
Term
Is it reasonable to expect a given signal to be responded to in different ways by different cell types?
Definition
Yes
Term
What distinguishes GPCR from Receptor Tyrosine Kinases?
Definition
G-Proteins bind to transmembrane receptors instead of ligands, they go through secondary mediating protein instead of directly activating downstream elements, and they dissociate instead of dimerize
Term
How are GTP binding protein switches activated?
Definition
The alpha subunit trades GDP for GTP, then the alpha subunit separates from the beta/gamma subunit
Term
What are the 7 secondary messengers?
Definition
cAMP
IP3
DAG
Ca2+
cGMP
NO
Phospoinositides
Term
What enzyme does PIP3 activate in the insulin pathway?
Definition
PDK1, which activates PKB
Term
How are G-Proteins inactivated?
Definition
The alpha subunit hydrolyzes the GTP to GDP and then re-associates with the beta/gamma subunit
Term
In a g-protein, does the beta/gamma have no signal transduction capability because they exist to conceal the alpha subunit?
Definition
No
Term
What detects a photon in the vision system?
Definition
Transducin, a g-protien coupled receptor system
Term
What do Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Systems posses inherently?
Definition
Enzymatic activity
Term
Do RTKs dimerize and cross-phosphorylate the opposite dimer via autophosphorylation upon recognizing a signal?
Definition
Yes
Term
Is binding to and activating a G-protein by phosphorylating GDP a typical method of RTK activity?
Definition
No
Term
Are second messengers a typical method of RTK activity?
Definition
No
Term
What is created upon activation of the insulin RTK that results in protein translation of glucose uptake molecules and glycogen synthesis?
Definition
PIP3
Term
What kind of pattern do cancers grow into?
Definition
Piles called foci
Term
What characterizes cancer?
Definition
cells that do not respond to environmental signals for division and death, a violation of the "social rules" of cells
Term
What distinguishes a benign tumor from a malignant tumor?
Definition
Benign tumors are constrained by the basement membrane and don't spread into other tissues
Term
What is the most common type of cancer?
Definition
Carcinoma
Term
What are cancers of connective tissue called?
Definition
Sarcomas
Term
If a liver cancer migrates to the lung, what would the mass in the lung be termed?
Definition
Metastases
Term
What is a cell that fails at the G1-->S checkpoint likely to do?
Definition
Undergo apoptosis
Term
What commonly mutated cancer protein is also a G-protein?
Definition
RAS
Term
What is the process of developing blood vessels?
Definition
Angiogenesis
Term
Do all cancers evolve from inherited genes, termed predisposition?
Definition
No
Term
What is the term for cancer cells activating unusual signaling pathways that result in the cell signaling itself?
Definition
Autocrine
Term
Why do cancers evolve the ability to create blood vessels?
Definition
In order to overcome the diffusion limits of oxygen and nutrients
Term
What chemotheraputic would be used to effect the mitotic spindle?
Definition
Taxol
Term
What is the role of telomerase?
Definition
Repairs the ends of chromosomes
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