Term
| What two subunits does MPF consist of? |
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Definition
| Cyclin and a cyclin-dependent kinase |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates transition from G2 to M phase |
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Term
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Definition
| A phosphatase at the end of G2 |
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Term
What image is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What image is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What image is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What image is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What image is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What image is this?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| What motor protein helps pull chromosomes toward the center of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the long microtubule during prometaphase? |
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Definition
| It is depolymerized (shortened) |
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Term
| What would you expect to find in a sample from a patient with ataxia-telangiectasia? |
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Definition
| Reduced transcription of P21 |
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Term
| What is the visual cue for bi-polar myosin motor proteins beginning to move along actin filaments? |
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Definition
Cleavage formation
Cytokinesis |
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Term
| What protein is produced during S phase and degraded during mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the action of the sarcomere in muscle contraction an evolutionary predecessor to the contractille ring of cytokinesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease os caused by meiotic nondisjunction of the sex chromosome in a female zygote XO? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease is caused by meiotic nondisjunction of the sex chromosome in a male zygote XXY? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease is caused by meiotic nondisjunction of the autosomal chromosome in a trisomy zygote 47:22? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the cell leave M phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| Cyclin B must be marked for destruction by the APC |
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Term
| How does the cell leave G2 phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| Cyclin A/B1 and CDK1 are elevated |
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Term
| How does the cell leave S phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
| Cyclin A and CDK2 are elevated |
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Term
| How does the cell leave G1 phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
Cyclin D, CDK4, and CDK 6 are elevated
Or Cyclin E and CDK2 |
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Term
| How does the cell leave G0 phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would happen if a cell in M phase is suddenly loaded with cyclin E? |
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Definition
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Term
| For CDK4 to be active which cyclin must be elevated? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a cell was deficient in the spindle assembly checkpoint what would happen? |
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Definition
| A higher frequency of syntelic attachment & a higher occurrence of mitotic non-disjunction |
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Term
| If a cell was flooded with CDK2, then what would happen to it's phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the energy for contractile ring activity derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cyclin is elevated to push the cell into G2 phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which motor proteins are involved in Mitosis? |
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Definition
| Dynein, kinesin, and CENPE |
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Term
| What are astral microtubules? |
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Definition
| Microtubules that radiate outward from centrosome to outside the spindle |
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Term
| What are kinetochore microtubules? |
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Definition
| Microtubules that separate chromosomes on metaphase plate which moves toward the middle and pulls away. |
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Term
| What are polar microtubules? |
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Definition
| Microtubules that never touch the DNA and connect to centrioles. |
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Term
| What type of cell signaling is best described as a cell releasing a signal into the local environment that is detected by other cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are receptor tyrosine kinases capable of binding to? |
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Definition
| Adapter, scaffold, signaling molecule, effectors |
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Term
| Compared to actin, as a portion of the protein content of a cell, how many receptors will a cell express? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is it reasonable to expect a given signal to be responded to in different ways by different cell types? |
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Definition
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Term
| What distinguishes GPCR from Receptor Tyrosine Kinases? |
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Definition
| G-Proteins bind to transmembrane receptors instead of ligands, they go through secondary mediating protein instead of directly activating downstream elements, and they dissociate instead of dimerize |
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Term
| How are GTP binding protein switches activated? |
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Definition
| The alpha subunit trades GDP for GTP, then the alpha subunit separates from the beta/gamma subunit |
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Term
| What are the 7 secondary messengers? |
|
Definition
cAMP
IP3
DAG
Ca2+
cGMP
NO
Phospoinositides |
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|
Term
| What enzyme does PIP3 activate in the insulin pathway? |
|
Definition
| PDK1, which activates PKB |
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Term
| How are G-Proteins inactivated? |
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Definition
| The alpha subunit hydrolyzes the GTP to GDP and then re-associates with the beta/gamma subunit |
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Term
| In a g-protein, does the beta/gamma have no signal transduction capability because they exist to conceal the alpha subunit? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What detects a photon in the vision system? |
|
Definition
| Transducin, a g-protien coupled receptor system |
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|
Term
| What do Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Systems posses inherently? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Do RTKs dimerize and cross-phosphorylate the opposite dimer via autophosphorylation upon recognizing a signal? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is binding to and activating a G-protein by phosphorylating GDP a typical method of RTK activity? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Are second messengers a typical method of RTK activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is created upon activation of the insulin RTK that results in protein translation of glucose uptake molecules and glycogen synthesis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of pattern do cancers grow into? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What characterizes cancer? |
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Definition
| cells that do not respond to environmental signals for division and death, a violation of the "social rules" of cells |
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Term
| What distinguishes a benign tumor from a malignant tumor? |
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Definition
| Benign tumors are constrained by the basement membrane and don't spread into other tissues |
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Term
| What is the most common type of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cancers of connective tissue called? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a liver cancer migrates to the lung, what would the mass in the lung be termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a cell that fails at the G1-->S checkpoint likely to do? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What commonly mutated cancer protein is also a G-protein? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the process of developing blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do all cancers evolve from inherited genes, termed predisposition? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for cancer cells activating unusual signaling pathways that result in the cell signaling itself? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why do cancers evolve the ability to create blood vessels? |
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Definition
| In order to overcome the diffusion limits of oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
| What chemotheraputic would be used to effect the mitotic spindle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of telomerase? |
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Definition
| Repairs the ends of chromosomes |
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